Fatigue crack initiation detection by an infrared thermography method

In this paper, the study of the temperature variation during fatigue tests was carried out on different materials (steels and aluminium alloys). Tests were performed at ambient temperature using a piezoelectric fatigue system (20 kHz). The temperature field was measured on the surface of the specimen, by means of an infrared camera.
Just at the beginning of the test, it was observed that the temperature increased, followed by a stabilization which corresponds to the balance between dissipated energy associated with microplasticity and the energy lost by convection and radiation at the specimen surface and by conduction inside the specimen. At the crack initiation, the surface temperature suddenly increases (whatever the localization of the initiation), which allows the determination of the number of cycles at the crack initiation and the number of cycles devoted to the fatigue crack propagation. In the gigacycle fatigue domain, more than 92% of the total life is devoted to the initiation of the crack.
So, the study of the thermal dissipation during the test appears a promising method to improve the understanding of the damage and failure mechanism in fatigue and to determine the number of cycles at initiation.     

The impact of recrystallisation on the freeze-thaw cycles of red seabream (Pagrus major) fillets

Recrystallisation often occurs in the freeze-thaw cycles and results in poor food quality. This study was undertaken to analyse the effects of recrystallisation on the changes of protein conformation and moisture migration within red seabream fillets after the freeze-thaw cycles. The UV second-derivative spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence measurement and Raman spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the protein conformational changes. The Low-field NMR spectra analysis was used to evaluate moisture migration. The results indicated that the freeze-thaw cycles altered the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. It was noticed that interactions between water and protein molecules were decreased gradually and eventually induced the thermal instability of the myosin molecules. The immobilised water content declined and the free water content increased. There were significant destructions in fillet muscle microstructure. These observations unambiguously reflect how the recrystallisations affect the protein conformation and moisture migration patterns of red seabream fillets during freeze-thaw cycles.     

冻融循环下云母石英片岩三轴力学特性与强度预测模型

为探究云母石英片岩物理力学特性受冻融循环作用的影响,对饱水云母石英片岩开展了0、25、50、75、100次冻融循环试验,并对试样分别进行了4级围压下的常规三轴压缩试验,研究了其动弹性参数、三轴压缩破坏形式及三轴抗压强度的变化规律,取得如下成果:①随着冻融循环次数的增加,三轴抗压强度、动弹性模量、动剪切模量及动体积模量呈指数衰减,黏聚力及内摩擦角则呈线性衰减趋势;②随着冻融循环的进行,围压对试样强度的增大作用逐渐削弱,冻融循环对试样强度的劣化作用逐渐凸显;③冻融作用使云母石英片岩三轴压缩破坏形态由张拉破坏逐步演化为顺片理剪切破坏;④基于Jaeger破坏准则建立了一种以冻融循环次数、片理面倾角及围压为控制参数的斜交片理云母石英片岩三轴抗压强度预测模型,预测结果与实测数据具有较好的一致性。研究成果可为研究云母石英片岩冻融损伤劣化规律提供参考。     

盐冻环境下钢筋混凝土构件性能研究

为掌握保护层厚度、钢筋直径及其位置对混凝土盐冻损伤的影响,以质量分数为3.5％的NaCl溶液为冻融介质进行了快速冻融试验,测试了各构件盐冻后的混凝土质量损失率及相对动弹性模量变化规律.分析表明,基于混凝土和钢材不同的比热容与热膨胀系数,配筋混凝土构件在盐冻过程中损伤程度不同.研究结果表明,在盐冻循环作用早期阶段,配筋混凝土试件相对动弹性模量下降幅度和质量损失率变化较快,随即劣化速度降低.光圆钢筋比带肋钢筋的混凝土盐冻损伤小,混凝土保护层厚度与钢筋直径比值存在合理值,使配筋混凝土试件的相对动弹性模量降低和质量损失率最小.     

干湿循环效应下裂隙性黄土单轴压缩力学特性

通过系统开展干湿循环效应下裂隙性黄土的单轴压缩试验,对干湿循环效应下裂隙性黄土的裂隙演化规律与单轴压缩力学特性进行了深入探讨。结果表明:不同倾角试样表面裂隙率R_sc与分形维数D_f均随干湿循环次数增加逐渐增大,但增速逐渐减缓;干湿循环效应对裂隙性黄土单轴压缩应力 应变曲线的类型及特征无显著影响;应力 应变曲线的初始斜率随干湿循环次数增加逐渐降低;不同倾角试样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线均表现为软化型,其中45°倾角试样的应力 应变曲线表现出“双峰”变化规律;不同倾角试样单轴抗压强度均随干湿循环次数增大表现出减速衰减特征;不同干湿循环次数下裂隙性黄土单轴抗压强度与裂隙倾角关系曲线均呈现出“双V”变化特征。     

基于核磁共振技术的岩石孔隙结构冻融损伤试验研究

 为研究岩石在冻融循环作用下的孔隙结构损伤特性,选取寒区花岗岩为岩样,在冻结温度为－40 ℃,融解温度为20 ℃条件下,分别进行3轮冻融循环试验,并对每轮冻融循环后的岩样进行核磁共振(NMR)测量,得到同一块岩样不同冻融循环次数后的孔隙度、横向弛豫时间T2分布及核磁共振图像(NMRI)。结果表明：花岗岩的T2分布主要为3个峰,随着冻融循环次数的增多,岩石的孔隙度、核磁共振T2谱分布和T2谱面积均会增大,但每个岩样的增大幅度均不同,反映出冻融循环作用下岩石中孔隙的发育和扩展特性;核磁共振图像显示同一块岩样在不同冻融循环次数后的内部微观结构分布,动态地显示岩石的冻融损伤过程。冻融循环条件下岩石核磁共振特征为岩石冻融损伤机制研究提供可靠的试验数据。     

内燃机火焰平均传播时间的测量电路设计

本文论述了内燃机N个连续循环中火焰平均传播时间的测量原理,设计了相应的测量电路,讨论了提高测量精度的方法,因而给内燃机动态测试提供了一种新的有效方法,同时亦给其它各种机构时间特性的分析测量提供了一种新的简单方法。     

美国混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀试验方法评析

指出混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀破坏的本质与其暴露条件如持续浸泡、干湿交替、溶液pH值、质量分数和温度相关．在阐明混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀反应类型和侵蚀机理的基础上，分析实验室5种硫酸盐试验加速途径，评述美国现行5种硫酸盐侵蚀试验方法，指出现行硫酸盐侵蚀试验方法，在测试时间、侵蚀破坏指标、多因素分析和模拟现场侵蚀破坏的有效性方面需要改进．     

捕食者有常数投入的n＋1次系统的极限环

主要对一类n＋1次系统dxdt=x（a0＋a1x-a2x2＋a3yn）＋hdydt=y（b1x2-b2）（a0,a1,a2,b1,b2,h＆gt;0,a3为不定号,n≥1,n∈N）进行研究.利用微分方程定性理论,给出该系统平衡点的渐近性态,得到局部性质.找出闭轨线不存在性的充分条件,并给出极限环的存在性和唯一性的条件.     

Effect of driving,charging, and pricing scenarios on optimal component sizing of a PHEV

In this paper, the problem of optimal sizing of a series PHEV is studied by formulating a convex program that minimizes the sum of operational and component costs. The solution gives the optimal sizes of the main powertrain components, simultaneously with the vehicle's optimal energy management. Investigations are performed on driving cycles generated stochastically from real data using Markov chains, with different driving distance distributions and charging patterns. The results show that the optimal component sizing is affected more from the driving distances between charging opportunities, than the speed profile of the driving. With anticipated future battery and petroleum prices, larger battery sizes are obtained.