Ionic liquids as electrolytes

Salts having a low melting point are liquid at room temperature, or even below, and form a new class of liquids usually called room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Information about RTILs can be found in the literature with such key words as: room temperature molten salt, low-temperature molten salt, ambient-temperature molten salt, liquid organic salt or simply ionic liquid. Their physicochemical properties are the same as high temperature ionic liquids, but the practical aspects of their maintenance or handling are different enough to merit a distinction. The class of ionic liquids, based on tetraalkylammonium cation and chloroaluminate anion, has been extensively studied since late 1970s of the XX century, following the works of Osteryoung. Systematic research on the application of chloroaluminate ionic liquids as solvents was performed in 1980s. However, ionic liquids based on aluminium halides are moisture sensitive. During the last decade an increasing number of new ionic liquids have been prepared and used as solvents. The general aim of this paper was to review the physical and chemical properties of RTILs from the point of view of their possible application as electrolytes in electrochemical processes and devices. The following points are discussed: melting and freezing, conductivity, viscosity, temperature dependence of conductivity, transport and transference numbers, electrochemical stability, possible application in aluminium electroplating, lithium batteries and in electrochemical capacitors.     

CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION OCCURRING INSIDE THE MEMBRANE DURING STEADY STATE PERVAPORATION

Experimental profiles of a single penetrant (water) across the membrane have been established at different downstream pressures during steady state pervaporation. The profiles ofacetic acid-water binary penetrant system across the membrane were also measured at different downstream pressures, temperatures and compositions during steady state pervaporation. A stack of identical pre-characterized symmetric aromatic polyamide membranes was used for the profile study. The theoretical prediction of concentration polarization from mathematical equations has been confirmed by the experimental profile data for a binary penetrant system.     

Optimal temperature policies for catalytic transport reactors under periodic operation

The influence of inlet gas concentration cycling on the optimal temperature policy of catalytic transport reactors is studied theoretically. The model considered is based on plug flow of gas and catalyst particles with negligible interand intra-particle diffusional resistances and concentration dependent deactivation kinetics. To utilise the concentration of the reactant and the activity of the deactivating catalyst fully a proper temperature sequence along the reactor is needed. Thus, a general optimal temperature policy using the continuous minimum principle is derived for the reactor under periodic operation. The model equations are solved analytically for gas concentration, activity and temperature profiles. Resonance behaviour (maximum in conversion with pulse width) is obtained using the optimal temperature policy for certain sets of parameters. The effects of activation energy groups, reaction and deactivation constant groups and inlet temperature on the optimal temperature policy under periodic operation are evaluated. In all cases an improvement in conversion with the optimal temperature policy under periodic operation over that with an isothermal policy under periodic operation is obtained. A suboptimal policy, comprising constant temperature over different reactor sections, which is useful for implementation purposes is also discussed.     

Synthesis of AlPO4 Molecular Sieves with AFI and AEL Structures by Dry-Gel Conversion Method and Catalytic Application of Their SAPO Counterparts on Isopropylation of Biphenyl

AlPO₄-5 and AlPO₄-11 were synthesized by dry-gel conversion (DGC) method. Steam-assisted conversion (SAC) and vapor-phase transport (VPT) techniques were applied for this purpose. The synthesis was successful in presence of a certain minimum amount of external bulk water, without which the crystallization failed. Crystallization by VPT method was slower than corresponding SAC and HTS method. SAPO analogs of the samples, SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 were also synthesized by DGC method. Samples made by DGC methods had higher yield than the conventional hydrothermal synthesis (HTS); otherwise the samples showed similar characteristics as that made by HTS. XRD, SEM and N₂-adsorption results showed high crystallinity and purity of the samples made by DGC, and ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectra indicated the tetrahedral framework nature of Al. SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 were tested for their catalytic activity in isopropylation of biphenyl, and in terms of conversion and selectivity, SAPO-5 was found to be suitable for this application.     

浅谈新形势下如何提高航道的竞争力

自2009-01-01起实行税费改革后,我国又推出了事业单位机构改革。面对改革后的严峻形势,作为航道管理部门,航道部门又该如何提升自身的竞争力？     

Transport of Gellan Gum Microbeads in Soil Columns of Various Grain Size Distributions

The transport of gellan gum microbeads as potential cell carriers was investigated in horizontal columns packed with different grain size classes of gravel (2–16 mm) and sand (0.25–2 mm). A suspension of microbeads was pulsed into each column for 6 h, followed by injection of water for 42 h. In general, the total amount of microbeads travelling across a given section of the column increased with injection time but decreased towards the column outlet, varying as a direct function of grain size. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the transport of gellan gum microbeads through medium sand to medium gravel across distances up to 110 cm.     

Molecular Sorption by Heterogeneous Natural Rubber/Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Blend Systems

The sorption of n-alkanes, viz. hexane, heptane and octane by cross-linked natural rubber/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (NR/EVA) blends has been studied at 28, 38, 48 and 58°C, with special reference to the effects of EVA content, cross-linking systems, penetrant nature and temperature. The solvent transport was found to decrease with increase in EVA content in the blends. The effects of blend ratio on the transport characteristics have been correlated with the phase morphology of the blends, using scanning electron micrographs and optical micrographs. Among the three vulcanising systems, viz. sulphur (S), dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and a mixed system (S + DCP) employed for the matrix, the DCP cross-linked blends exhibited the lowest solvent uptake. Octane has been found to show higher interaction with the blends than hexane and heptane, probably owing to the closer solubility parameter values. The computed transport coefficients, viz. diffusion coefficient and permeability coefficient, were found to decrease with increase in EVA content in the blends. At room temperature, the mechanism of diffusion was found to deviate slightly from the regular Fickian trend for all blend systems. The blend–solvent interaction parameter and the activation energy for transport were also determined from the sorption data.     

甬沪宁原油管道水击分析与超前保护

介绍全线的站场组成及其每个站场的输油泵的配备情况,分析甬沪宁原油输送管道可能运行的输油工况,介绍了用于水击分析时稳态极限工况的选取方法,并从可能引起水击发生的水击源、产生水击时工况、用于水击分析的管道瞬变过程的理论和甬沪宁原油输送管道的各个站场的边界条件的确定方面,全面阐述了对甬沪宁管线进行水击分析的过程,同时给出了两种水击工况下的计算分析结果。