考虑激励型需求侧响应的电-气互联系统两阶段随机优化调度

电力和天然气网的耦合和互联,为风电等新能源的消纳提供了新方式。文章在考虑电转气(power to gas,P2G)设备和激励型需求响应(incentive demand response,IDR)的备用服务后,构建了电-气互联系统(integrated pow er and gas system,IPGS)带补偿两阶段随机优化调度模型。模型的决策目标包含基于风电预测出力的日前确定性调度经济成本,以及考虑实时风电场景的功率平衡补偿成本。同时计及激励型需求响应不确定性后,建立了需求响应经济补偿分段线性化模型。以IEEE 39节点电网和修改的比利时20节点天然气网组成的系统进行仿真,分析系统运行成本和天然气网的备用容量裕度,验证了所提模型的有效性。此外,进一步分析了激励型需求响应的响应概率对电-气互联系统经济调度的影响。     

Optimal intervention strategies for multiple objects affected by manifest and latent deterioration processes

In the existing infrastructure management systems, optimal interventions strategies (OISs) are determined for objects that deteriorate gradually (manifest deterioration process, MDPs), under the assumption that with appropriate inspection and intervention strategies the probability of failure of object can be neglected. Objects that deteriorate suddenly (latent deterioration process, LDPs), for example, due to scouring during a flood or earth movements during an earthquake are not considered. The determination of OISs for an object that deteriorates due to both MDPs and LDPs requires the consideration of both. The latter, however, means that the probability of failure of the object must be considered. In this article, a Markov model is presented that can be used to determine OISs for multiple objects of multiple types affected by uncorrelated MDPs and LDPs. The model is an extension of the model proposed by Mayet and Madanat (Incorporation of seismic considerations in bridge management systems. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 17:185–193, 2002). In the model, a set of condition states (CSs) is used to describe the condition of objects of each type, where each set is composed of non-failure CSs and failure CSs. The probabilities of going from each non-failure CS to each failure CS are estimated using normalised fragility curves, and the probabilities of going from each non-failure CS to each non-failure CS are initially estimated using the Markov deterioration prediction model of Kobayashi, Kaito, and Lethanh (A Bayesian estimation method to improve deterioration prediction for infrastructure system with Markov chain model. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 1:1–13, 2012a) and later adjusted taking into consideration the probabilities of entering the failure CSs. The use of the model is demonstrated using a road link comprising one road section and one bridge.     

Experimental study on the effects of HP and LP EGR on thermal efficiency and emissions of a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to compare the effects of high- and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation loops (HP and LP EGR loops) on thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel engine. Tests were conducted on a 12-L six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine under various operating conditions. We found that at a low speed of 1100 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the LP EGR loop could achieve higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions than the HP EGR. This is because the lower enthalpy available at the turbine inlet of the HP EGR loop increased the fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio. For the HP EGR, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was reduced by 1%, but pumping losses were only reduced by 0.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. At a higher speed of 1600 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the HP EGR loop attained a higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions because of the relatively sufficient flow through the turbocharger. For the HP EGR loop, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was only reduced by 0.5% and pumping losses were reduced by 1.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. Lower fuel consumption and a longer ignition delay made the distribution of fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio more homogeneous, leading to lower emissions. Our data also showed that at the high speed of 1600 r/min, 0.55 MPa BMEP, the brake thermal efficiency of the HP EGR loop first increased, then decreased as the EGR rate increased. Therefore, under all conditions, a reasonable match of both EGR loops could achieve a good balance between fuel consumption and emissions of NO _x and soot.     

Styrene-Butadiene Polytelomers for Pressure-Sensitive Applications

Novel styrene-butadiene polymer latex compositions and their utility for pressure-sensitive and other adhesive applications are described. These compositions, termed polytelomers, are based on the concept of synthesising sequentially a low glass transition temperature, high molecular weight (polymeric) fraction, followed by a high glass transition, low molecular weight (telomeric) fraction, in an attempt to simulate the compounding of elastomeric adhesives. Some of the described compositions can exhibit multiphase morphology, having discrete styrene-rich domains surrounded by butadiene rich phase, both of these phases being embedded in a “honeycomb” carboxyl-rich phase. The compositions were characterized by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and by electron transmission microscopy, as well as by molecular weight distribution and glass transition temperature range data. Examples of adhesive applications are also given.     

Axial characterization of catalytic activity in close-coupled lightoff and underfloor catalytic converters

A exhaust system consisting of a close-coupled Pd technology 32 in³ lightoff converter and Pt/Rh technology 170 in³ underfloor converter was vehicle-aged for 56000 miles on a vehicle equipped with a 3.8 l engine. Following this aging, the converters were taken off the vehicle and cut into 1″ thick sections along their axis and characterized for lightoff and warmed-up activity using a laboratory reactor to simulate vehicle exhaust. Each section was also analyzed for the quantity of oil additive poisons (phosphorus and zinc) deposited. Following this initial characterization, the phosphorus and zinc deposits were removed, and the sections were characterized again for lightoff and warmed-up activity. This procedure was used to qualitatively determine the relative contribution of oil additive poisoning and thermal sintering to the total activity deterioration as a function of axial position in the catalyst monoliths.

Analysis of the lightoff converter as taken from the vehicle showed a dramatic axial gradient in the lean and stoichiometric lightoff and warmed-up (600°C) performance for HC, CO and NO_x, with most of the deterioration having taken place in the forward-most 1″ section of the converter, which was consistent with the gradient in the deposition of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in this converter. Comparison of these data sets with those obtained after removal of the P and Zn poisons indicates that most of the total deterioration of lean HC and CO activity can be attributed to P and Zn poisoning of the forwardmost 1″ section. When tested under stoichiometric conditions, most of the deterioration of HC activity is attributable to P and Zn poisoning, while most of the deterioration of CO and NO_x activity is attributable to thermal deterioration. A similar activity and poison deposition gradient was detected in the underfloor converter, but to a smaller extent.     

疲劳荷载与环境因素耦合作用下混凝土损伤劣化研究进展

建筑物真实的服役状态是承受的荷载与环境的同时作用.概述了目前关于混凝土在疲劳荷载与环境因素耦合作用下的损伤劣化规律的研究.从材料、结构角度对疲劳荷载和腐蚀介质的耦合作用进行了总结与分析.重点论述了严寒地区桥梁、高速铁路等在疲劳荷载和冻融循环耦合作用下的损伤劣化特征.阐述了目前广泛采用的间接耦合作用方式--交替作用存在的问题,并提出从与材料细观结构密切相关的内应力角度,同时结合疲劳效应解决这一问题的可能办法.     

煤泥两段浮选—两段脱水回收工艺在友谊选煤厂的应用

友谊选煤厂采用了煤泥两段分级浮选、两段脱水回收工艺流程,工业性试验数据表明,将煤泥按粒径粗细进行分级后再脱泥降灰,既稳定了精煤产品的灰分,又避免了可燃体的损失,浮选精煤产率达84.80%。     

Control of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in a two-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine with negative valve overlap

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) has challenges in ignition timing control, combustion rate control, and operating range extension. In this paper, HCCI combustion was studied in a two-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine with negative valve overlap (NVO). A two-stage gasoline direct injection strategy combined with negative valve overlap was used to control mixture formation and combustion. The gasoline engine could be operated in HCCI combustion mode at a speed range of 800–2 200 r/min and load, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) range of 0.1–0.53 MPa. The engine fuel consumption is below 240 g/(kW⁻¹·h⁻¹), and the NO _x emission is below 4 × 10⁻⁵ without soot emission. The effect of different injection strategies on HCCI combustion was studied. The experimental results indicated that the coefficient of variation of the engine cycle decreased by using NVO with two-stage direct injection; the ignition timing and combustion rate could be controlled; and the operational range of HCCI combustion could be extended. Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech), 2006, 46(5): 720–723 [译自: 清华大学学报]     

Low permeability to oxygen of a new barrier film prevents butyric acid bacteria spore formation in farm corn silage

The outgrowth of Clostridium spore-forming bacteria causes late blowing in cheeses. Recently, the role of air diffusion during storage and feed-out and the role of aerobic deterioration has been shown to indirectly favor butyric acid bacteria (BAB) growth and to determine the presence of high concentrations of BAB spores in farm tank milk. A new oxygen barrier (OB) film was tested and compared with conventional polyethylene (ST). The objective was to verify whether the OB film could prevent BAB spore formation in whole-crop corn silage during storage on 2 commercial farms with different potential silage spoilage risks. Two bunkers (farms 1 and 2) were divided into 2 parts along the length so that half the feed-out face would be covered with ST film and the other half with OB film. Plastic net bags with freshly chopped corn were buried in the upper layer and in the central part (CORE) of the bunkers. The silos were opened in summer and fed out at different removal rates (19 vs. 33 cm/d). Herbage at ensiling, silage at unloading, and silage after air exposure (6 and 15 d) were analyzed for pH, nitrate, BAB spores, yeasts, and molds. The BAB spores in herbages at ensiling were 2.84 log₁₀ most probable number (MPN)/g, with no differences between treatments or farms. Nitrate was below the detection limit on farm 1 and exceeded 2,300 mg/kg of fresh matter on farm 2. At unloading, the BAB spores in the ST silage on farm 1 were greater than 5 log₁₀ MPN/g, whereas in the CORE and the OB silages, they were approximately 2 log₁₀ MPN/g. The ST silage had the greatest pH (5.89), the greatest mold count (5.07 log₁₀ cfu/g), and the greatest difference between silage temperature and ambient temperature (dT_{section-ambient}). On farm 2, the ST silage had the greatest concentration of BAB spores (2.19 log₁₀ MPN/g), the greatest pH (4.05), and the least nitrate concentration compared with the CORE and the OB silages. Pooled data on BAB spores collected from aerobically deteriorated samples showed a positive relationship with pH, mold count, and dT_{section-ambient} and a negative relationship with nitrate concentration. A high concentration of BAB spores (>5 log MPN/g) was associated with visible spoilage, high pH values (>5.00), high mold counts (>5 log cfu/g), high dT_{section-ambient}, and nitrate below 1,000 mg/kg of fresh matter. We concluded that the use of a film with reduced oxygen permeability prevented the outgrowth of BAB spores during conservation and feed-out, and it could improve the microbiological quality of corn silage by eliminating the fractions of silage with high BAB spore concentrations.     

炼油装置的防腐蚀管理

随着原油劣质化程度的不断推进,设备腐蚀问题愈显得突出和严重。腐蚀造成的后果是严重的,不仅仅是浪费了宝贵的资源,它还会使装置停工,物料流失,甚至引起火灾,爆炸等灾难性事故,给安全生产带来非常大的安全隐患,因此,炼油生产中做好防腐蚀工作和加强对设备防腐蚀的管理,是保证安全生产的必要的和有效的措施。文章就镇海炼化分公司这些年在炼制原油复杂、腐蚀严重等情况下通过定期出防腐蚀简报、定点测厚、腐蚀调查、失效分析等手段了解设备的腐蚀情况,提出一系列的防腐蚀措施,使设备的腐蚀泄漏数量逐渐降了下来,从换油器逐年泄漏台数减少可以看得出来,防腐管理已经取得较好效果,另外通过装置设防值,优化了原料在线监测,较好预测了腐蚀趋势,指导了防腐蚀工艺,为下一步工作打下了基础。