Insight into t->m transition of MW treated 3Y-PSZ ceramics by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction

The influence of a microwave hybrid heat treatment (MHH) on the surface and in-depth mineralogical transformation of pre-sintered 3Y-PSZ was investigated. 3Y-PSZ samples were prepared by slip casting and sintered by conventional firing (1270 °C). Then, different MHH treatments from 5 to 15 min. at 1200 °C were applied to obtain a fully stabilized 3Y-TZP. The monoclinic fraction depth profiles in the first micrometres (up to 5) of thickness were investigated by means of the grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique (GIXRD). A good sintering degree with practically nil closed porosity and grain growth was achieved after MHH of 15 min. MHH increases the tetragonal phase content both in the surface and in-depth, reducing completely the monoclinic phase shell typically found after conventional sintering. A new parabolic model is proposed for the convoluted monoclinic fraction depth profile, which through the value of its horizontal asymptote allows the determination of the monoclinic shell thickness.     

R-Curve Behavior and Crack-Closure Stresses in Barium Titanate and (Mg,Y)-PSZ Ceramics

R -curves, process zones, and shielding stresses of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) and partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) have been studied using compact-tension (CT) specimens. BaTiO₃ and PSZ exhibited pronounced R -curves that rose over similar crack lengths and showed steady-state toughnesses of 0.7 and 6.4 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. Both steady-state toughnesses were ∼80% larger than the initial fracture toughnesses. Ferroelastic domain switching was the main toughening mechanism in BaTiO₃, whereas, in PSZ, transformation toughening was the main toughening mechanism. The crack process zone and crack-opening-displacement (COD) profile of each material was studied in detail using atomic force microscopy. Crack-closure-stress distributions were extracted from the COD profiles, using weight-function methods. The resulting stress profiles indicated that compressive residual stresses of 40 MPa in BaTiO₃ and 400 MPa in PSZ acted in a limited region behind the crack tip. In the PSZ, crack bridging seemed to be a competing mechanism to transformation toughening.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fine-Grained Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia Containing Titanium Carbide Particles

Fine-grained Mg-PSZ has been fabricated by adding TiC particles. The average cubic grain size was smaller by more than an order of magnitude than without TiC when the TiC content was over 2.5 vol%. Pressurelessly sintered specimens contained numbers of relatively large pores while hot-pressed ones were fully dense. For hot-pressed specimens, addition of TiC particles did not affect the growth behavior of tetragonal precipitates during annealing. With increasing TiC content, the bend strength of hot-pressed specimens increased while the fracture toughness decreased. The bend strength and the fracture toughness of fine-grained Mg-PSZ containing 5 vol% TiC were 980 MPa and 8.2 MPa·m^1/2, respectively.     

内部部分润湿催化剂的动力学行为

The global reaction rate of benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane accompanied by partial internal wetting of catalyst pellets was measured by a new method, which investigated both adsorption and chemical reaction. The adsorption investigation was used to establish a relationship between the extent of liquid filling of the catalyst and the bulk conditions while the chemical reaction investigation was to study the effect of partial internal wetting of the catalyst on the global reaction rate. It was shown that the extent of liquid filling in the catalyst interior showed a significant effect on the global rate, and the current state of the catalyst depended on the history, i.e. whether it was a liquid evaporation process or a vapor condensation process, and two steady states were found under certain circumstances. A mathematical model was developed, which took multicomponent diffusion, chemical reaction, pore size distribution of the catalyst and capillary condensation of condensable components in the catalyst pellet into consideration. The predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental data.     

不同品种磷肥在土壤中的退化研究

对钙镁磷肥（FMP）、过磷酸钙（SSP）和部分酸化磷肥（PAPR）在河南郑州西岗沙土和河南西华县潮土中的退化情况进行了研究。     

球铁光纤激光-MIG复合焊接头的裂纹倾向与力学性能

以308L不锈钢焊丝作为填充材料,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊在5mm厚的球墨铸铁上进行焊接,重点关注了工艺参数对裂纹倾向的影响,获得了成形良好且无裂纹的焊接接头．结果表明,随着激光功率的减小和电弧电流的增加,接头熔合比减小,裂纹倾向降低．接头显微硬度和组织的分析结果表明,由熔合比带来的碳含量变化是影响裂纹倾向的直接原因．在厚度10mm的球墨铸铁试件上开X形坡口进行多层多道焊,所得焊接接头的强度和断后伸长率分别为母材的73％和20％,接头断裂机制为脆性断裂,半熔化区的莱氏体是造成断裂的原因．     

Isothermal oxidation of physical vapor deposited partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of physical vapor deposited (PVD) partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ, 8 wt.%Y₂O₃) and a diffusion aluminide bond coat, were characterized as a function of time after oxidative isothermal heat treatment at 1373 K in air. The experimental characterizations was conducted by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. During cooling to room temperature, spallation of the PSZ ceramic coatings occurred after 200 and 350 h of isothermal heat treatment. This failure was always sudden and violent, with the TBC popping from the substrate. The monoclinic phase of zirconia was first observed on the bottom surface of the PVD PSZ after 200 h of isothermal heat treatment. The failure of TBCs occurred either in the bond coat oxidation products of αAl₂O₃ and rutile TiO₂ or at the interface between the oxidation products and the diffusion aluminide bond coat or the PSZ coating.     

Study on partially oxidized sodium alginate with potassium permanganate as the oxidant

In this article, partial oxidation of sodium alginate with potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) was researched successfully. The effects of KMnO₄ on the properties of partially oxidized sodium alginate were discussed. It was found that the degree of oxidation and degradation rate of sodium alginate could be controlled by oxidation conditions, as monitored by the reduction of viscosity and decrease of molecular weight. This work provides a new method to obtain partially oxidized alginate and to improve degradability of alginate for biomedical applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

提高肥料利用率化工部门能做些什么？

介绍了中国肥料利用率状况、所施肥料的去向及土壤中养分的积累与亏损。据估计,中国自１９８５～１９９６年,约有９９００万吨Ｎ被淋失和逸散,６０００万吨Ｐ２Ｏ５和１４００万吨Ｋ２Ｏ固定于土壤中。如何提高肥料利用率是中国化学肥料工业紧迫的课题,针对不同类型化肥厂提出了生产控制释放肥料、腐植酸螯合尿素、稳定的碳酸氢铵、部分酸化磷矿复合肥料、完全水溶性复合肥料以及熔融钾镁肥的途径,以提高肥料利用率。     

硬线盘条拉拔断裂原因分析

通过夹杂物评级和显微组织观察，分析了65、70、77B、80硬线盘条拉拔过程中断裂的厦因。实验结果表明：马氏体的出现及基体为索氏体、屈氏体和少量的贝氏体的混合组织是断裂的主要原因；基体组织为混合组织和马氏体的出现是由于存在碳、锰、铬元素的偏析、轧件出精轧机组进水冷和斯太尔摩控制冷却线时冷却速度过快、温度过低等因素造成的。通过调整轧制和连铸工艺，断裂问题基本解决。