Solubility and agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated phosphate rocks as influenced by their iron and aluminium oxide content

Partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) has been shown to be an effective source of P for plants grown on acid soils. Less information in available, however, regarding the effect of the phosphate rock (PR) source on the solubility and agronomic effectiveness of PAPR.The effect of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content in PR on the quality of PAPR produced was investigated in this study. Nine sources of PR from Africa, Latin America, and the United States, representing a range of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ from 0.7% to 12.4%, were used. In a single-step process, the finely ground PRs were partially acidulated with H₂SO₄ at the 30% or 50% acidulation level and granulated (–3.35 + 1.18 mm or –6 + 14 mesh). It was found that the water-soluble P content in PAPR decreased with increasing Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O content in the PR used. Apparently, the presence of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ resulted in a reversion of some of the water-soluble P to citrate-soluble P and sometimes even to citrate-insoluble P.A short-term (6 weeks) greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate crop response to PAPRs and single superphosphate (SSP); maize, the test crop, was grown on an acid soil (pH 4.5)—Hartsells silt loam (Typic Hapludults). The agronomic effectiveness of PAPRs with respect to SSP (in terms of dry-matter yield of maize) decreased with increasing Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content in PRs. Phosphorus uptake by maize from PAPRs was found to correlate well with water solubility but not with citrate solubility. The results obtained in this study show that the detrimental effect of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content on the solubility and P availability of PAPR should be considered when selecting a PR for PAPR production.     

提高肥料利用率化工部门能做些什么？

介绍了中国肥料利用率状况、所施肥料的去向及土壤中养分的积累与亏损。据估计,中国自１９８５～１９９６年,约有９９００万吨Ｎ被淋失和逸散,６０００万吨Ｐ２Ｏ５和１４００万吨Ｋ２Ｏ固定于土壤中。如何提高肥料利用率是中国化学肥料工业紧迫的课题,针对不同类型化肥厂提出了生产控制释放肥料、腐植酸螯合尿素、稳定的碳酸氢铵、部分酸化磷矿复合肥料、完全水溶性复合肥料以及熔融钾镁肥的途径,以提高肥料利用率。     

硬线盘条拉拔断裂原因分析

通过夹杂物评级和显微组织观察，分析了65、70、77B、80硬线盘条拉拔过程中断裂的厦因。实验结果表明：马氏体的出现及基体为索氏体、屈氏体和少量的贝氏体的混合组织是断裂的主要原因；基体组织为混合组织和马氏体的出现是由于存在碳、锰、铬元素的偏析、轧件出精轧机组进水冷和斯太尔摩控制冷却线时冷却速度过快、温度过低等因素造成的。通过调整轧制和连铸工艺，断裂问题基本解决。     

基于SVM的PC刚构桥施工期时变可靠度

为了研究早龄期混凝土材料时变性能,通过现场24组主梁同步养生试块力学试验结果,得到了早龄期混凝土弹性模量的时变规律.基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)建立了施工期预应力混凝土(prestressed concrete,PC)刚构桥标高控制可靠度模型,结合蒙特卡洛法计算了PC刚构桥标高控制可靠指标.结果表明:主桥同样状态下,混凝土弹性模量与龄期之间的关系呈现幂函数关系,PC刚构桥中悬臂阶段与最大悬臂阶段应以不同的自由端挠度偏差容许值控制,中悬臂阶段自由端挠度偏差容许值最大不高于4 mm,最大悬臂阶段自由端挠度偏差容许值最大不高于20 mm.     

Interference effects from coexisting fatty acids on elaidic acid separation by fractionating crystallization: A model study

A multi‐stage temperature‐programmed fractionating crystallization process was carried out to examine the effects of the presence of stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LA) on the separation of elaidic acid (EA). The results showed that the efficiency of fractionating crystallization of EA depended largely on the crystallization temperature, initial concentration of EA and presence of SA. The content of SA plays very important role for the fractionating performance. It was a characteristic observation that only when SA <2%, substantial crystallization of EA (>50% in stepwise crystal fractions) were obtained regardless of the initial concentration of SA. In general, SA induced crystallization of EA in earlier stage but delayed further crystallization of EA in later stage; the crystallization of EA was independent from co‐existing OA and LA. After reduction of EA content in solution to certain extent (7–10%, at ?20°C), further reduction of EA content requires much lower crystallization temperatures (trans‐fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) is of high commercial interest. One of the strategies is to selectively release TFAs as free fatty acids from PHSO enzymatically. However, all commercially available enzymes are far away from qualified to selectively release TFAs, where there are always substantial non‐trans FAs hydrolyzed simultaneously. Therefore, developing post‐processing technology is requisite in order to recover those non‐trans fatty acids. Thus, this model system was designed based on FA composition characteristic of PHSO, which aimed to acquire some basic data and experience that lack in available literatures, so as to serve designing efficient practical process for removing trans‐fatty acid moieties from PHSO. The results from this work may be of general value to achieve a better understanding of fractionating crystallization behaviors of different FAs, relationship with individual molecular feature and property, and their interference effects, which might contribute to the design of practically feasible protocol to remove TFAs from PHSO and recover non‐trans FAs at the same time.     

穿黄隧洞预应力衬砌结构三维非线性有限元分析

采用考虑接触问题的三维非线性有限元方法,对穿黄隧洞预应力衬砌结构进行计算分析。计算中考虑了内、外衬之间的接触,以及地基抗力对结构的作用,并对荷载施加过程和锚具槽施工过程进行了模拟。计算结果表明,预应力衬砌因锚索张拉挤压产生环向预压应力,同时,在衬砌环中还产生纵向拉应力。有资料分析某隧洞仿真模型预应力张拉试验中衬砌出现的环向裂缝,就是纵向拉应力超限所致。通过数值方法,分析引起纵向拉应力的主要因素,可供类似工程结构参考应用。     

预应力锚索腐蚀耐久性试验方案设计探讨

预应力锚索在岩土工程加固中应用广泛,其腐蚀耐久性对工程运行安全至关重要,而相关的腐蚀变化规律及机理还有待进一步明确。在总结当前预应力锚索腐蚀耐久性研究成果的基础上,对其腐蚀耐久性室内加速试验方案设计进行了探讨。分析了影响腐蚀的主要因素并拟定了各因素的不同影响水平;采用正交设计方法优化试验方案并通过有限元方法对试验模型尺寸和应力分布进行了计算模拟优化和验证;介绍了模型制作等工艺步骤。相关成果可供类似耐久性试验方案设计参考。      

预应力钢筒混凝土管穿越地下管线的施工措施

文中介绍了预应力钢筒混凝土管的概念、优越性，并结合山西省万家寨联接段引黄工程的实际施工，总结出了穿越各种地下管线的施工经验。     

三峡水利枢纽右岸三期工程预应力门机大梁施工工艺

三峡水利枢纽右岸三期工程坝顶预应力门机大梁高度大、跨度长、钢筋密集、结构体型复杂、张拉吨位大、张拉要求高。针对门机大梁以上特点,对梁体模板设计、混凝土浇筑振捣、梁体张拉施工技术难点进行了深入研究。     

三峡左岸坝后施工栈桥钢箱梁拆除方案

三峡二期工程结束后,为拆除坝后120高程施工栈桥,施工单位提出了三个方案,经核算各方案中起重机荷载均超过栈桥预应力混凝土梁的承载能力,因此设计方对拆除方案作了修改,成功地解决了上述问题,文中对此作了详细介绍。