多元微合金钢中的应变诱导复合析出

采用透射电子显微镜结合纳米束能谱技术,研究了含Nb,Ti,Mo等多种微合金元素的超低碳贝氏体钢在奥氏体非冉结晶区终轧后弛豫阶段的应变诱导析出行为.实验结果表明:经30%预变形后,在850℃和900℃等温弛豫时,钢中析出开始主要有纯Nb及Nb-Ti复合的两类,以后者为主.随弛豫时间延长,纯Nb型析出物消失,复合夹杂中铌钛比增加.弛豫阶段后期,Mo会以置换原子形式进入(Ti,Nb)(C,N)的面心立方晶格中,其量随弛豫时间的延长而增加.析出物形状以不规则外形为主,其密度及平均尺寸与变形温度和弛豫时间密切相关.     

贝氏体组织细化的RPC工艺参数优化

利用热模拟技术研究了不同弛豫-析出-控制相变(RPC)工艺对含Nb,Ti低碳微合金钢最终组织的影响,结合半定量金相统计、电镜观察及EBSD技术分析了弛豫过程晶体缺陷组态与析出变化及相互作用规律.结果表明,经RPC艺处理后,试验钢组织得到了有效的细化,主要为超细的贝氏体马氏体复合组织,当变形量增加,组织细化效果较好,出现最佳效果的弛豫时间缩短.终轧温度升高,细化效果减弱.从综合效果来看,当工艺参数的选取可以使弛豫析出速度与位错多边形化演变速度相匹配时,细化效果最佳.     

环糊精系列综述之一 环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的筛选及其定向改造

环糊精因其特殊性质得到了食品、化妆品、医药等行业的青睐,全球消费量逐年稳步增加。环糊精的巨大需求也使其生产中所必需的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGT酶,EC 2.4.1.19)成为研究热点。目前,对该酶的研究多集中在作用机制、产物专一性机理等,鲜见从菌株筛选出发的系统性报道。因此,作者从野生CGT酶菌株的筛选出发,立足未来环糊精工业的商业诉求,综述了优质CGT酶获取的多种途径。同时结合国内外对CGT酶的大量研究工作以及我国的资源优势,对该领域未来的研究提出更高的期望。     

Warm Deformation Microstructure of a Plain Carbon Steel

 Grain refinement in a plain carbon steel under intercritical warm deformation was studied by torsion testing. Based on the experimental results, the warm flow behaviour and microstructural evolution of ferrite were researched with particular emphasis on the effect of the strain rate in controlling the grain refinement mechanism of ferrite. The deformed microstructures were investigated at various strain rates using optical microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The EBSD observations indicate that an increase in the strain rate leads to the development of new fine ferrite grains with high angle boundaries. Furthermore, it shows that the annihilation of dislocations occurs more readily at lower strain rate. The elongated ferrite grains continuously dynamically recrystallize to form the equiaxed fine ferrite grains. Thereby, the aspect ratio of elongated grains decreases with increasing the strain rate. Furthermore, the peak stress and steady state stress of ferrite both increase with increasing strain rate. Based on the study, the effect of strain rate on the development of fine ferrite grains during continuous dynamic recrystallization of ferrite was analyzed in detail.     

Five-factor personality traits and subjective health among caregivers: The role of caregiver strain and self-efficacy.

This study examined the association among caregivers' five-factor personality traits and subjective health with particular emphasis on the role of two theoretically implicated mediators: multi-domain self-efficacy and caregiver strain. The sample comprised 536 informal caregivers (mean age = 62.9 years, SD = 19.9, 72% female, 98% White) of community-dwelling older adults with multiple functional impairments. Both physical health and mental health were negatively associated with neuroticism and positively associated with extraversion and conscientiousness. Agreeableness and openness were associated with better subjective mental health and physical health, respectively. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that self-efficacy mediated all observed associations between personality and subjective health, whereas caregiver strain selectively mediated the associations of neuroticism and agreeableness with mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Strain sensing behavior of electrically conductive fibers under large deformation

Electrically conductive fiber/yarn/fabric is one of the promising materials as flexible conductive sensors because of their sensitivity to strain, temperature and humidity. Aiming at developing of effective flexible sensors, this study investigates experimentally the strain sensing behavior of PPy (polypyrrole)-coated Lycra fibers, showing that the electrically resistance of the conductive fibers changes with the deformation of fibers. The variation in electrically resistance is mainly related to the micro-cracks appearing on the fiber surface during deformation. Then, the effects of the characteristic parameters of the micro-cracks are studied statistically by means of image processing functions in MATLAB, and the governing parameters are determined. Based on the results, a model is built to describe the variation of electrical resistance by the parameters of the micro-cracks. The analytical results are compared with the experimental results, showing an acceptable agreement.     

Microstructure Evolution as an Effect of Strain Reversal During the Hot Deformation of Microalloyed Steels

Susceptibility of the steel for further cold processing strongly depends on the whole prior history of deformation in the hot working regime.In the industrial hot working processes,e.g.at the roughing stage of hot rolling,or forging,material undergoes complex deformation modes that leads to gradients of both microstructure and properties across the deformed cross-section.Torsion and multiaxial compression tests with different amounts of strain reversals were conducted at elevated temperatures to study the effect of applied strain path on the phenomena occurring during microstructure evolution of Nb-microalloyed steels.Gathered results will provide data for the modification of existing constitutive equations that mostly do not account for the strain path changes.Better through-process modelling will then enable to achieve better properties and quality of the products for further cold processing.     

The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.     

Analysis of deep excavations in clay under the undrained and plane strain condition with small strain characteristics

The nonlinearity and small strain characteristics of clay are predominant factors to affect the analysis accuracy of surface settlement induced by deep excavation in soft clay. In this study, we use a newly developed constitutive model, namely the undrained soft clay model, to simulate the nonlinearity of soft clay and to describe the degradation of elastic Young's modulus with the increasing stress level, ranging from small strain to near failure. The parameters of the formula can be obtained from conventional soil tests. One well-documented case history is then used to show the parameter determination procedure and validate the proposed model. The states of strain and stress paths for the soil in the excavation are also studied to validate the rationality of the model. Besides, two additional case studies are conducted to verify the model further.