Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater circulation in the Xi’an geothermal field, China

Geothermal waters from the Tertiary aquifers located at 1000–3000 m beneath Xi’an city, Shaanxi Province, China, show unique isotopic composition as compared to local groundwaters from shallower Quaternary aquifers. Positive oxygen shifts of as much as 8‰ VSMOW are observed, while the corresponding δ²H values remain essentially constant at about −80‰ VSMOW, which is significantly different from those of waters in the Quaternary aquifers with a mean δ²H value of −60‰ VSMOW. The strong ¹⁸O shift is a result of isotope exchange between geothermal water and carbonate minerals such as calcite over a residence time of several thousand years up to 30,000 years, based on ¹⁴C dating. A comparison of the isotopic composition of geothermal waters with neighbouring groundwater units on both sides of the Guanzhong Basin indicates that the geothermal reservoirs are recharged by rain that falls on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains, south of the Xi’an geothermal field, but not from the North Mountains to the north of the field. Based on chemical geothermometers the highest temperature estimated for the Tertiary aquifers of the Xi’an area is around 130 °C.     

An experimental study of film cooling in a negatively bowed cascade with a large turning angle

Transverse measurements are carried out at the outlet of the straight and negatively bowed turbine cascades with a 106° turning angle respectively with and without cooling air injection. The air injection is from single or multiple rows of ten holes (26 schemes in all). Experimental results show that the negatively bowed cascade produces more energy loss than the straight one without cooling air injection. Cooling air injection from the holes on both the pressure and the suction surface near the trailing edge can reduce energy losses in both the straight and the negatively bowed cascades. The increase in loss is less in the negatively bowed cascade than that in the straight one with cooling air injection from holes of multiple rows at the leading edge, whereas cooling air injection from holes of multiple rows at the trailing edge reduces the energy loss in the negatively bowed cascade. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(1): 1–8, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20042     

Distribution of heat sources in vertical open channels with natural convection

In this paper we use the constructal method to determine the optimal distribution and sizes of discrete heat sources in a vertical open channel cooled by natural convection. Two classes of geometries are considered: (i) heat sources with fixed size and fixed heat flux, and (ii) single heat source with variable size and fixed total heat current. In both classes, the objective is the maximization of the global thermal conductance between the discretely heated wall and the cold fluid. This objective is equivalent to minimizing temperature of the hot spot that occurs at a point on the wall. The numerical results show that for low Rayleigh numbers (∼10²), the heat sources select as optimal location the inlet plane of the channel. For configuration (i), the optimal location changes as the Rayleigh number increases, and the last (downstream) heat source tends to migrate toward the exit plane, which results in a non-uniform distribution of heat sources on the wall. For configuration (ii) we also show that at low and moderate Rayleigh numbers (Ra_M ∼ 10² and 10³) the thermal performance is maximized when the heat source does not cover the entire wall. As the flow intensity increases, the optimal heat source size approaches the height of the wall. The importance to free the flow geometry to morph toward the configuration of minimal global resistance (maximal flow access) is also discussed.     

Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays. Part I: Heat transfer data using FC-72

With electronic packages becoming more dense and powerful, traditional methods of thermal energy removal are reaching their limits. One method of direct contact cooling capable of removing high heat fluxes while still being compact in size is spray impingement cooling, but its heat transfer behavior is not understood well enough to enable systematic, practical system design. This work presents the results of a large parametric study of spray cooling using a number of different nozzle patterns. It was found that nozzles that use the fluid most efficiently to remove thermal energy were limited by low peak heat fluxes and that the highest peak heat fluxes were obtained when phase change was avoided. Multiple nozzle arrays allowed for higher peak heat fluxes but used fluid inefficiently due to interactions between neighboring sprays. In general, the geometric pattern of the nozzle arrays had little effect on overall heat transfer performance.     

从甘肃民勤生态危机反思石羊河流域水资源利用模式

民勤生态环境危机主要表现在:土地盐碱化、荒漠化日益严重,灾害性天气频繁发生等方面,这些都直接威胁着绿洲存亡。从绿洲生态危机对石羊河流域水资源利用模式进行了反思,指出了目前流域水资源利用中存在的问题,并提出了建议:实行流域水资源统一管理;建立合理的水权制度,适当调整水价;控制人口增长;加快外流域调水。     

利用洛河水沙资源改善沙苑地区生态环境的探讨

在分析沙苑地区农田现状和洛河水沙资源特性基础上,提出利用引洪淤灌技术引取洛河高含沙水淤灌,从而改良沙苑的土质和提高土壤肥力,并从工程技术和改良效果等方面全面分析了改良沙苑地区土质和生态环境,从而达到充分利用水沙资源综合治理和改善生态环境的目的。     

浅议保墒灌溉技术新体系及其理论基础

从干旱半干旱地区发展起来的较为成熟的保墒技术得到启迪,提出了“保墒灌溉”这一新理念。初步探讨了保墒灌溉提出的现实背景、基本理论基础、今后应该研究的重点以及该领域研究的重大意义,以期为我国节水事业的发展起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

西部大开发中以特许权方式建设中小型水电站可行性初探

通过分析在西部经济不发达地区以特许权方式建设中小型水电站的可行性,探讨了政府在此领域应采取的相应政策和应注意的问题,提出用特许权方式在西部地区建设中小型水电站是西部大开发的有力支撑之一。     

连续式超临界水中煤/CMC催化气化制氢

在向水煤浆中添加CMC（羧甲基纤维素钠），成功实现水煤浆高压均匀输送基础上，对超临界水中煤／CMC催化气化制氢性能进行了进一步研究。结果表明：在压力20～25MPa、停留时间15～30s、NaOH添加量0．1％、反应器外壁温650℃条件下，超临界水中煤/CMC催化气化制氢气体产物中H2摩尔含量远比常规气化高，主要气体产物是H2、CO2和CH4。增加物料中CMC的含量、升高压力均有利于提高气体产物中心的产量，延长停留时间虽有利于物料气化但不利于氢气的制取。     

世界上首个以直燃型LiBr吸收式制冷机为核心的燃气轮机进气冷却系统

介绍了世界上首个以直燃型LiBr吸收式制冷机为核心的燃气轮机进气冷却系统工程———中国广东东莞天明电力有限公司的2×S106B联合循环电站的燃气轮机进气冷却系统,并阐述了燃气轮机进气冷却的技术选择和设计点。图3表1参7