利用高酸值餐饮废油脂制备生物柴油

以高酸值餐饮废油脂为原料,在酯化反应后再经两步酯交换反应制备生物柴油。在酯化反应中添加吸水剂可降低油脂的酸值,经一次酯化反应即可将油脂的酸值降至2m g/g左右,满足酯交换反应的要求。考察了酯化反应中吸水剂的添加方式、种类及其用量对酯化反应的影响,以及酯交换催化剂的种类及用量对脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)收率和产物组成的影响。实验结果表明,以凹凸棒土为吸水剂(用量为餐饮废油脂中游离脂肪酸质量的3%),且在酯化反应30m in时加入,酯化效果较好;以质量比为1∶1的NaOH和KOH混合物为催化剂进行两步酯交换反应时,催化剂的最佳用量依次为1.00%和0.75%(质量分数,基于油脂的质量),FAME收率最高达到96.33%。     

山东省水资源配置思路浅析

山东省总体上属于资源性缺水省份，合理配置水资源已成为解决水资源供需矛盾、保障经济社会可持续发展的关键问题之一。通过对山东省水资源的基本特点进行分析，建立了水资源合理配置系统模型及生成配置方案，在供需平衡分析的基础上，提出了水资源合理配置的基本思路。     

Influences of land use/cover on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of River Njoro, Kenya

Data from 10 sampling sites along the River Njoro are used to examine the contribution of nutrients from upstream land uses draining each of the sampling sites. The data also are used to assess whether both the proportion of land uses and the size of the subwatersheds account for the variability in water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Geographical Information System analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of land‐cover types and subwatersheds contributing run‐off to the sampling sites in the River Njoro. Standard Digital Elevation Model‐based routines were used to establish the watershed area contributing run‐off to each sampling site. Water and sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis, and the nutrient levels were related to the upstream land‐use types and the size of the subwatersheds. The mid‐stream portion of the River Njoro (near Egerton University) accounts for the highest nutrient contributions. The percentage contribution is magnified by additions from industrial, human settlements and agricultural land uses around the University. There is a significant decrease in nutrient levels downstream, however, indicating natural purification as the river flows through an area of large‐scale farming with intense, well‐preserved riparian and in‐stream vegetation. Steep slopes of the land upstream of Egerton University enhance erosion and nutrient losses from those subwatersheds. Mixed small‐scale agricultural and bare lands contribute over 55% of the phosphorus load to the upper and mid‐reaches of the River Njoro. The size of the subwatershed accounts for about 53% of the variability in the soluble phosphorus in the river. The land‐use subwatershed proportions are important for characterizing and modelling water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Upland land uses are as important as near‐stream land uses. We suggest that conservation of intact riparian corridor along the river and its tributaries contributes significantly to natural purification processes and recovery of the ecological integrity of the River Njoro ecosystem.     

Internal-corrosion inhibitors for pipelines carrying deaerated heating water

The effect of internal-corrosion inhibitors on heating-system pipelines is investigated. Tests were conducted on a testing device for polarization measurements under conditions corresponding to the Rostov Heat-Supply System. The concentration of OEDP-zinc, which provides a high degree of protection from general corrosion, is determined. The reagent has been successfully incorporated into the Rostov No. 2 TPP. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2007, pp. 37–43.     

中、美流域水资源管理机制比较

萨斯奎哈纳流域管理委员会的委员由美国联邦政府和其流域内纽约、宾夕法尼亚、马里兰三个州的代表组成。在《萨斯奎哈纳流域协议》（联邦法律）的授权下。该委员会有权处理流域内的任何水资源问题。相比之下．国内的流域机构没有流域内省（自治区、直辖市）的代表作为委员，流域水行政管理的职能还不能满足流域内社会经济发展的实际需要。因此，形成和完善以流域为单元的水资源管理法律框架是有效保护、开发和管理流域水资源的基础，建立包括流域内省（自治区、直辖市）为代表的流域管理委员会可以提供一个有代表性、长效的管理机构。流域管理委员会应着重加强流域水资源保护、开发和管理的综合规划，注重流域的公共利益和社会服务．重视水质、湿地、洄游鱼类、珍稀物种和文化遗产保护．切实担当起河流代言人和保护神的角色。     

Diel Vertical Migration of Round Goby Larvae in the Great Lakes

One hypothesis for the transcontinental and intra-Great Lakes basin transfer of round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) has been that round gobies were pumped into the ballast water of ships. During June 2005 in Lake Erie, we obtained evidence of a vertical migration of round goby larvae, when we collected 167 round goby larvae in surface ichthyoplankton net tows at night and zero during day. These results complemented similar findings from the Muskegon River estuary of Lake Michigan during 2003 and 2004, documenting diel vertical migration for the first time in larval round gobies. We suggest vertical migration behavior may have allowed larval round gobies to be transported to and within the Great Lakes via ballast water and dispersed in the Great Lakes via advection of 6.5–8.5-mm long larvae at the surface. Based on our results, if ballast water was only taken on near the surface during daylight hours from May through September when larval round gobies were present, it would have mitigated the spread of round gobies throughout the Great Lakes.     

浮体门设计的探索与实践

水电站泄水道破坏修复工程,是一项风险高、难度大、前景广阔的系统工程。刘家峡水电站泄水道2号孔破坏修复的关键,是采用人工深水软导向浮体闸门封堵孔口,形成门后洞内旱地施工条件;龚嘴水电站10号冲砂底孔破坏修复的关键,增设浮体闸门采用自动潜行式浮体闸门封堵孔口,形成门后洞内旱地施工条件;哈萨克斯坦CHARDARA水电站SYNAS项目泄水底孔修复的关键,采用分次降水安装浮体闸门侧支承的方法,挡住引水发电机组的下游尾水,在泄水道进口检修门和流道出口之间形成门旱地施工。此3项泄水道修复工程在行业内没有先例,难度很大。整体方案具有创新性,并且均已高质量竣工并投入正常运行。     

加强地下水管理的思路与对策

地下水是水资源不可分割的组成部分,是生态和环境的主要控制因素。作为我国北方地区的主要供水水源,地下水开发规模不断增加,超采以及因超采引发的生态与环境问题日趋突出,南方部分地区特别是沿海和重要城市区,地下水开发带来的问题也越发严重。今后一个时期,要全面推进地下水资源管理,对水资源进行统一调查评价,统一规划和统一调配,加强超采区的治理,遏制地下水超采,加强地下水水质保护,防止地下水污染,逐步实现地下水采补平衡,改善生态与环境,实现地下水资源的可持续利用。     

孤后八气田机械堵水技术与应用

在多层合试合采工艺实施过程中，经常会遇到地层水的问题，通常采用的挤水泥或化学堵剂的办法不仅成本高且工艺复杂，而使用常规封隔器又达不到封堵效果。Y445(3)型封隔器 Y341(Ⅱ)型封隔器的悬挂式封隔组合管柱堵水工艺，满足了封堵水层、采气的要求。     

取水泵站调速运行的节能效果比较

对取水泵站水泵部分调速运行和全部调速运行在水源枯水位、常水位及洪水位时的节能效果进行了分析比较 ,并给出了结论