HVOF-Sprayed Coatings Engineered from Mixtures of Nanostructured and Submicron Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Powders: An Enhanced Wear Performance

In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that nanostructured Al₂O₃-13 wt.%TiO₂ coatings deposited via air plasma spray (APS) exhibit higher wear resistance when compared to that of conventional coatings. This study aimed to verify if high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed Al₂O₃-13 wt.%TiO₂ coatings produced using hybrid (nano + submicron) powders could improve even further the already recognized good wear properties of the APS nanostructured coatings. According to the abrasion test results (ASTM G 64), there was an improvement in wear performance by a factor of 8 for the HVOF-sprayed hybrid coating as compared to the best performing APS conventional coating. When comparing both hybrid and conventional HVOF-sprayed coatings, there was an improvement in wear performance by a factor of 4 when using the hybrid material. The results show a significant antiwear improvement provided by the hybrid material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at low/high magnifications showed the distinctive microstructure of the HVOF-sprayed hybrid coating, which helps to explain its excellent wear performance. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

The roles of macrosegregation and of dendritic array spacings on the electrochemical behavior of an Al-4.5 wt.% Cu alloy

The microstructural pattern and the solute redistribution of as-cast aluminum alloys play an important role on the resulting corrosion behavior. However, of the main aluminum alloys, Al-Cu alloys have the lowest negative corrosion potential. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of an Al-4.5 wt.% Cu alloy solidified under unsteady-state heat flow conditions. This evaluation was carried out through the analysis of both potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests in a 0.5 M NaCl solution at 25 °C. The experimental segregation profile obtained in the solidification experiment was characterized by positive and negative copper content regions at the bottom and the top of the casting, respectively. Likewise, in conventional foundry practice, in a same casting both positive and negative copper segregation regions may occur. Such casting can exhibit different corrosion responses at different locations. The influences of solute redistribution during solidification, the magnitude of dendritic spacing and hence of the Al-rich phase and of Al₂Cu particles distribution along the casting on the corrosion resistance, were examined in samples collected along the casting length. The corrosion rate and impedance parameters (obtained from an equivalent circuit analysis) are also discussed.     

Electromigration of Sn-9wt.%Zn Solder

The morphological evolution of Sn-9wt.%Zn solder under electromigration at a current density of about 10⁵ A/cm² was examined. Sn extrusion was observed, suggesting that Sn is the dominant moving species under electromigration. In contrast, Zn appeared to be immobile. It was also found that the microstructure of the solder had a significant effect on the electromigration behavior. For the solder with fine Zn precipitates, the surface morphology of the solder was almost unchanged except for the formation of Sn extrusion sites at␣the anode side after electromigration. However, for the solder with coarse Zn precipitates, more Sn extrusion sites were observed, and they were located not only at the anode side but also within the solder. Coarse Zn precipitates appeared to block Sn migration, thus Sn migration was intercepted in front of the Zn precipitates. The Sn atoms accumulated there, which led to its extrusion. The blocking effect was found to depend strongly on the size and orientation of the Zn precipitates.     

Effect of Ni layer thickness and soldering time on intermetallic compound formation at the interface between molten Sn-3.5Ag and Ni/Cu substrate

The binary eutectic Sn-3.5wt.%Ag alloy was soldered on the Ni/Cu plate at 250°C, the thickness of the Ni layer changing from 0 through 2 and 4 μm to infinity, and soldering time changing from 30 to 120 s at intervals of 30 s. The infinite thickness was equivalent to the bare Ni plate. The morphology, composition and phase identification of the intermetallic compound (IMC, hereafter) formed at the interface were examined. Depending on the initial Ni thickness, different IMC phases were observed at 30 s: Cu₆Sn₅ on bare Cu, metastable NiSn₃ + Ni₃Sn₄ on Ni(2 μm)/Cu, Ni₃Sn₄ on Ni(4 μm)/Cu, and Ni₃Sn + Ni₃Sn₄ on bare Ni. With increased soldering time, a Cu-Sn-based η-(Cu₆Sn₅)_1−xNi_x phase formed under the pre-formed Ni-Sn IMC layer both at 60 s in the Ni(2 μm)/Cu plate and at 90 s in the Ni(4 μm)/Cu plate. The two-layer IMC pattern remained thereafter. The wetting behavior of each joint was different and it may have resulted from the type of IMC formed on each plate. The thickness of the protective Ni layer over the Cu plate was found to be an important factor in determining the interfacial reaction and the wetting behavior.     

微波辐射纳米稀土复合固体超强酸催化合成草酸二丁酯

采用微波辐射技术,以纳米稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-2％Nd2O3为催化剂,以草酸与正丁醇为原料合成草酸二丁酯。通过正交实验,探讨了诸因素对酯化率的影响,结果表明,纳米稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-2％Nd2O3催化剂具有良好的催化活性,当草酸用量为0．1mol,醇酸摩尔比为3．0：1,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1．6％,微波输出功率468W,辐射时间14min时反应的酯化率可达97％以上。该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用,具有价廉易得、催化效果好、操作简单、无环境污染等优点。     

特征喷涂参数对等离子喷涂纳米 Al2 O3 -13%TiO2涂层微观结构及耐磨性能的影响

目的研究等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2的特征喷涂参数(CPSP)对涂层微观结构及耐磨性能的影响,探索更合理的等离子喷涂工艺参数。方法采用等离子喷涂,在Q235钢表面制备过渡层为NiCrAl、陶瓷层为纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2的涂层系统。对涂层试样进行高温和常温磨损性能测试,并对比分析喷涂粉末、涂层的微观结构和相组成。结果纳米涂层为微观双模结构,由部分熔化区和完全熔化区组成,存在裂纹、孔隙等缺陷,其主要物相为α-Al2O3,γ-Al2O3和rutile-TiO2。纳米涂层磨损失效的主要原因是内部板条的分层剥落和涂层表面材料的塑性变形切削。结论随着CPSP的增大,纳米涂层的耐磨性能增强,且高温磨损性能较室温磨损性能为差。纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2涂层微观结构中部分熔化区结构和纳米晶粒的存在显著提高了涂层的耐磨性。     

羊毛角蛋白粗溶液的制备及用于毛织物的抗起毛起球整理

以巯基乙酸为还原剂制备角蛋白粗溶液,为了使制备的角蛋白粗溶液中含有较多大分子质量的角蛋白,使其更有利于在羊毛纤维表面成膜,以温度、时间、pH、还原剂用量设计正交实验,分析反应因素对角蛋白分子质量及羊毛分解率的影响.利用制备的角蛋白溶液处理羊毛织物,有效地减少了羊毛表面的定向摩擦效应和织物起毛起球的趋向,并且对织物没有损伤.     

同纬度严寒地区建筑节能75%可行性研究

通过分析总结已出台75%居住建筑节能标准的同纬度地区的节能规范,在辽宁省现行标准的基础上大量测算阜新地区及新疆等地具有代表性的居住建筑的耗热量指标,并反复推敲各围护结构的限值,综合考虑锅炉效率和室外管网输送效率,最终制定出适用于阜新地区的居住建筑节能75%的相应标准。初步探讨现有节能技术的节能潜力以及如何提升建筑节能应用水平,从而从设计源头降低建筑物的能耗需求,扩大严寒地区建筑节能标准在同纬度地区的应用范围。     

球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金微观结构及性能的影响

以WC-6％Ni硬质合金为研究对象,采用不同球磨时间制备了5组合金试样,通过对烧结后合金磁、力学性能的检测及显微结构观察,分析研究了球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金的微观结构及其性能的影响.结果表明:球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金的微观结构和性能影响明显,过短的球磨时间导致合金中存在粗大WC晶粒,适当延长球磨时间可使WC晶粒得到细化并获得微观结构均匀的合金,但过长的球磨时间则会导致合金中粗WC晶粒的再次出现.随着球磨时间的增加,抗弯强度、硬度、矫顽磁力均随之经历先上升到峰值后下降的过程;而球磨时间对WC-6％Ni合金的密度影响很小.当球磨时间为36 h时,WC-6％Ni硬质合金具有最小的WC平均晶粒度和相对均匀的微观结构,合金抗弯强度、硬度及矫顽磁力出现峰值,分别为2 250 MPa、89.4 HRA、4.9 kA/m.     

拉曼光谱内标法定量分析Purex有机体系中的U(Ⅵ)

本工作研究了Purex后处理流程模拟有机料液中U(Ⅵ)的定量分析方法。首先扣除硝酸铀酰有机溶液拉曼光谱的荧光背景,并以30%TBP/煤油位于1 065cm-1处的特征峰为内标峰,将U(Ⅵ)位于860cm-1处对称伸缩振动峰(ν1)强度与内标峰强度的比值,对铀浓度绘制标准曲线,在U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为5.0~107.0g/L范围内,标准曲线为y=0.063 6x+0.357,r2=0.999。经过内标法处理后的标准曲线具有更好的稳定性,75d后相对强度标准曲线为y=0.062 4x+0.489,r2=0.999。F检验与t检验证明,在显著性水平α=0.05时,两条标准曲线在分析精度与斜率上无显著性差异。使用内标法后,可透过容器壁直接分析铀浓度,容器对检测结果的影响较小,5种容器对U(Ⅵ)检测影响相对误差均不高于3.7%,故检测过程无需进行样品的转移及分装,简化了实验步骤。经内标法修正后,改变拉曼光谱仪的积分时间和激光功率基本不影响U(Ⅵ)的定量检测,从而可选择合适的参数以适应不同浓度U(Ⅵ)溶液分析的需要。