Simultaneous determination of chlorine and oxygen evolving at RuO2/Ti and RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes by differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy

Chlorine and oxygen evolving at RuO2/Ti and RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes have been simultaneously determined at electrode potentials from 1.0 to about 2V (vs Ag/AgCl) by differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS). On the RuO2/Ti anodes, the threshold electrode potential for oxygen evolution increased with a decrease in RuO2 loading, while the chlorine evolution potential was unchanged. Low RuO2 loading anodes gave a high chlorine evolution ratio under various constant electrolysis potentials. On the RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes, the threshold electrode potential for oxygen evolution increased with an increase in the TiO2 content more remarkably than that for chlorine evolution. High TiO2 content anodes gave a high chlorine evolution ratio at various constant electrolysis potentials. The combination of RuO2 and TiO2 exhibits a remarkable effect with respect to the enhancement of chlorine evolution selectivity.     

Direct evidence of oxygen evolution from Li1+ x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1? x O2 at high potentials

Li_1+x (Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3)_1−x O₂ (NMC) oxides are among the most promising positive electrode materials for future lithium–ion batteries. A voltage “plateau” was observed on the first galvanostatic charging curve of NMC in the extended voltage region positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺ for compounds with x > 0 (overlithiated compounds). Differences were observed in the cycling stability of the overlithiated and stoichiometric (x = 0) NMC oxides in this potential region. A differential plot of the charge vs. potential profile in the first cycle revealed that, for the overlithiated compounds, a large irreversible oxidative peak arises positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺, while in the same potential region only a small peak due to the electrolyte oxidation is detected for the stoichiometric material. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) was used to investigate the high voltage region for both compounds and experimental evidence for oxygen evolution was provided for the overlithiated compounds at potentials positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺. No oxygen evolution was detected for the stoichiometric compound.     

Parallel oxygen and chlorine evolution on Ru1−xNixO2−y nanostructured electrodes

Nanocrystalline materials with chemical composition corresponding to formula Ru_1−xNi_xO_2−y (0.02 < x < 0.30) were prepared by sol-gel approach. Substitution of Ru by Ni has a minor effect on the structural characteristics extractable from X-ray diffraction patterns. The electrocatalytic behavior of Ru_1−xNi_xO_2−y with respect to parallel oxygen (oxygen evolution reaction, OER) and chlorine (chlorine evolution reaction, CER) evolution in acidic media was studied by voltammetry combined with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The DEMS data indicate a significant decrease of the over-voltage for chlorine evolution with respect to that of pure RuO₂. The oxygen evolution is slightly hindered. The increasing Ni content affects the electrode material activity and selectivity. The overall material's activity increases with increasing Ni content. The activity of the Ru-Ni-O oxides towards Cl₂ evolution shows a distinguished maximum for material containing 10% of Ni. Further increase of Ni content results in suppression of Cl₂ evolution in favor of O₂ evolution. A model reflecting the cation-cation interactions resulting from Ni-doping is proposed to explain the observed trends in electrocatalytic behavior.     

Activity,selectivity, and methanol tolerance of novel carbon-supported Pt and Pt<Subscript>3</Subscript>Me (Me = Ni,Co) cathode catalysts

The activity, selectivity, and methanol tolerance of novel, carbon supported high-metal loading (40 wt.%) Pt/C and Pt₃Me/C (Me = Ni, Co) catalysts for the O₂ reduction reaction (ORR) were evaluated in model studies under defined mass transport and diffusion conditions, by rotating (ring) disk and by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. The catalysts were synthesized by the organometallic route, via deposition of pre-formed Pt and Pt₃Me pre-cursors followed by their decomposition into metal nanoparticles. Characteristic properties such as particle sizes, particle composition and phase formation, and active surface area, were determined by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. For comparison, commercial Pt/C catalysts (20 and 40 wt.%, E-Tek, Somerset, NJ, USA) were investigated as well, allowing to evaluate Pt loading effects and, by comparison with the pre-cursor-based catalyst with their much smaller particle sizes (1.7 nm diameter), also particle size effects. Kinetic parameters for the ORR were evaluated; the ORR activities of the bimetallic catalysts and of the synthesized Pt/C catalyst were comparable and similar to that of the high-loading commercial Pt/C catalyst; at typical cathode operation potentials H₂O₂ formation is negligible for the synthesized catalysts. Due to their lower methanol oxidation activity the bimetallic catalysts show an improved methanol tolerance compared to the commercial Pt/C catalysts. The results indicate that the use of very small particle sizes is a possible way to achieve reasonably good ORR activities at an improved methanol tolerance at DMFC cathode relevant conditions.     

Gas diffusion electrodes for methanol electrooxidation studied by a new DEMS configuration: Influence of the diffusion layer

A novel differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) cell has been developed to study gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) used in fuel cells under operating conditions. In this way, catalytic and diffusion properties of the electrodes can be evaluated at the same time. Moreover, DEMS, allows the detection of volatile and gaseous products and intermediates generated in the electrochemical reactions with good sensitivity. In this way, CO₂ conversion efficiencies are evaluated during alcohol oxidation reaction. In the present communication, the electrochemical behaviour towards hydrogen evolution and CO and alcohol electrooxidation at different platinum-based catalysts has been studied using the new DEMS cell configuration. The relative yields of CO₂ and by-side products during methanol oxidation have been evaluated to determine the CO₂ conversion efficiency. In addition, the diffusional properties of diverse GDEs have been considered.     

Electrocatalytic performance of different Mo-phases obtained during the preparation of innovative Pt-MoC catalysts for DMFC anode

Electrochemical studies of new binary Pt-MoC electrocatalysts prepared by carbothermal-reduction method have been developed. The XRD and XPS characterization allows to determine the structure of core–shell Mo_carb-particles, with a reduced-Mo core (Mo₂C, MoO₂ and/or Mo⁰) and a MoO₃-shell (2–3 nm). Upon adding Pt, Pt interacts with MoO₃-shell.     

Model study on the stability of carbon support materials under polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode operation conditions

The electrochemical oxidation and corrosion resistance of differently prepared and post-treated (graphitization, surface oxidation) carbon support materials, whose surface area and composition were characterized by adsorption measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were investigated in model studies performed under fuel cell cathode relevant potential conditions. These included also the abnormal cathode potentials (up to 1.5 V_RHE) occurring during start-up and shut-down procedures. Reversible surface oxidation, leading, e.g., to the formation of quinones/hydroquinones, and irreversible oxidation to CO₂ were discriminated by combining electrochemical and on-line mass spectrometry measurements. Oxygenated surface carbon species were found to affect the surface area normalized electrooxidation activity much more than the surface area and porosity of the material, with graphitized carbon with low porosity and low oxygen surface content being most resistant towards reversible oxidation and towards irreversible oxidation at high potentials. Trapped CO₂, formed upon carbon oxidation at high potentials, is proposed to be at least partly responsible for CO₂ release at low potentials, below the standard potential for electrochemical carbon oxidation.     

Ethanol electrooxidation on a carbon-supported Pt catalyst at elevated temperature and pressure: A high-temperature/high-pressure DEMS study

The electrooxidation of ethanol on a Pt/Vulcan catalyst was investigated in model studies by on-line differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) over a wide range of reaction temperatures (23–100 °C). Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic measurements of the Faradaic current and the CO₂ formation rate, performed at 3 bar overpressure under well-defined transport and diffusion conditions reveal significant effects of temperature, potential and ethanol concentration on the total reaction activity and on the selectivity for the pathway toward complete oxidation to CO₂. The latter pathway increasingly prevails at higher temperature, lower concentration and lower potentials (∼90% current efficiency for CO₂ formation at 100 °C, 0.01 M, 0.48 V), while at higher ethanol concentrations (0.1 M), higher potentials or lower temperatures the current efficiency for CO₂ formation drops, reaching values of a few percent at room temperature. These trends result in a significantly higher apparent activation barrier for complete oxidation to CO₂ (68 ± 2 kJ mol⁻¹ at 0.48 V, 0.1 M) compared to that of the overall ethanol oxidation reaction determined from the Faradaic current (42 ± 2 kJ mol⁻¹ at 0.48 V, 0.1 M). The mechanistic implications of these results and the importance of relevant reaction and mass transport conditions in model studies for reaction predictions in fuel cell applications are discussed.     

Electrooxidation of acetaldehyde on carbon-supported Pt, PtRu and Pt3Sn and unsupported PtRu0.2 catalysts: A quantitative DEMS study

The oxidation of acetaldehyde on carbon supported Pt/Vulcan, PtRu/Vulcan and Pt₃Sn/Vulcan nanoparticle catalysts and, for comparison, on polycrystalline Pt and on an unsupported PtRu_0.2 catalyst, was investigated under continuous reaction and continuous electrolyte flow conditions, employing electrochemical and quantitative differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS) measurements. Product distribution and the effects of reaction potential and reactant concentration were investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic measurements. Reaction transients, following both the Faradaic current as well as the CO₂ related mass spectrometric intensity, revealed a very small current efficiency for CO₂ formation of a few percent for 0.1 m acetaldehyde bulk oxidation under steady-state conditions on all three catalysts, the dominant oxidation product being acetic acid. Pt alloy catalysts showed a higher activity than Pt/Vulcan at lower potential (0.51 V), but do not lead to a better selectivity for complete oxidation to CO₂. C–C bond breaking is rate limiting for complete oxidation at potentials with significant oxidation rates for all three catalysts. The data agree with a parallel pathway reaction mechanism, with formation and subsequent oxidation of CO_ad and CH _{x, ad} species in the one pathway and partial oxidation to acetic acid in the other pathway, with the latter pathway being, by far, dominant under present reaction conditions.     

The electrocatalytic behavior of Ru0.8Co0.2O2−x—the effect of particle shape and surface composition

The electrocatalytic activity of Ru_0.8Co_0.2O_2−x nanocrystals was studied using diffraction, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the role of particle shape and surface chemical composition in the electrocatalytic evolution of oxygen and chlorine. The prepared Ru_0.8Co_0.2O_2−x samples are of the rutile structure, their chemical composition, however, differs. The samples with the smallest particle size compensate for the Co doping by oxygen deficiency. The materials featuring bigger particle size show tendency to compensate for the presence of cobalt by higher valency of Ru. Regardless of the particle size or actual surface composition of the Ru_0.8Co_0.2O_2−x electrodes, the chlorine evolution precedes that of oxygen by ca. 100 mV. The Ru_0.8Co_0.2O_2−x electrodes retain high affinity to oxygen evolution once the reaction becomes possible. This behavior can be ascribed to a stabilization of the six-valent ruthenium, which represents the major intermediate for the oxygen evolution process, at the electrode surface due to the presence of di-valent and tri-valent cobalt. This effect precludes the possible effects of the particle shape and crystal edge distribution.