Visible transmission spectroscopy for the assessment of egg freshness

The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of visible transmission spectroscopy for the non‐destructive assessment of the freshness of an individual egg. A total of 600 intact white‐shelled eggs of the same flock (Lohmann, 40 weeks of age) were measured. To obtain a considerable variation in freshness, groups consisting of 60 eggs were stored (18 °C, 55% RH) for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 days. The non‐destructive spectral measurements were compared with the two most widely used destructive freshness parameters, namely Haugh units and albumen pH. A partial least squares (PLS1) model was built in order to predict Haugh units and pH of the albumen based on the transmission spectra. The correlation coefficients between the predicted value and the measured value were 0.842 and 0.867 for Haugh unit and pH of the albumen, respectively. These results show that the light transmission spectrum of an egg provides quantitative information about egg freshness. Relevant information concerning egg freshness is restricted to the interval between 570 and 750 nm. Furthermore, the models obtained for both destructive parameters were strikingly similar, indicating that Haugh unit and pH have the same physico‐chemical background. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood

In observation-cage experiments some new contact kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood are demonstrated.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves treated with the wing scales of two hosts,Pieris brassicae L. andP. rapae L. Further, egg washes ofP. brassicae containing an oviposition deterrent pheromone for the butterflies, were found to have a contact-kairomonal effect on the parasite.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves sprayed with a methanol or water wash ofP. brassicae eggs than on leaves treated with the solvent only.Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae.Lepidoptera: Pieridae.     

Squash leaf glandular trichome volatiles: Identification and influence on behavior of female pickleworm moth [Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll.)] (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fourteen volatile compounds occurring in leaf trichomes of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Early Prolific Straightneck) were identified. These compounds accounted for 83.5% of the volatile matrix. Ubiquitous constituents of the epidermis (myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids,n-tricosane, andn-pentacosane) accounted for 73.7%; these compounds were not bioassayed. The volatileso-,m-, andp-xylene, toluene, 2-heptanone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(–)-limonene, and germacrene D were tested for their influence on attraction and oviposition by the pickleworm moth (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). No single compound, except germacrene D, was attractive. (R)-(+)-Limonene and 2-heptanone were weakly repellent. Mixtures of the highly volatile fractions were as attractive as volatiles emanating from whole, intact leaves. Oviposition levels on treated artificial sites corresponded with levels of visitation. Oviposition was significantly stimulated by whole-leaf volatiles, and (S)-(–)-limonene caused a slight but significant reduction.Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a warranty or guarantee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用研究

运用浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了4种杀螨剂及其混剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用。结果表明：阿维菌素对雌成螨的毒力最高，LC50为0．0864mg/L；其次为溴虫腈和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为9．5377mg/L和1.4412mg/L。对卵的毒力溴虫腈最高，LC50为0.1223mg/L；其次为阿维菌素和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为0.4425mg/L和0.6827mg/L。对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果依次为溴虫腈＞阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15）＞哒螨灵＞阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＋甲氰菊酯（1：1）＞甲氰菊酯。     

超高压改性对鸡蛋蛋白液起泡及物理性质的影响

采用超高压改性鸡蛋蛋白液,研究了压力、保压时间对蛋白液起泡性质和物理性质的影响结果表明,新鲜蛋白液在350MPa的静水压下处理15min后的起泡性质最好．此外,超高压改性还导致蛋白液的黏度和表面张力呈现升高后又急剧降低的趋势,并能够降低蛋白液的明度.     

Ultra-Damping Composites Enhanced by Yolk–Shell Piezoelectric Damping Mechanism

High-performance damping materials are significant toward reducing vibration and maintaining stability for industrial applications. Herein, a yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism is reported, which can enhance mechanical energy dissipation and improve damping capability. With the addition of yolk–shell particles and carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive network, damping properties of various resin matrices are enhanced with the energy dissipation path of mechanical to electrical to heat energy. Particularly, the peak loss factor of epoxy composites reaches 1.91 and tan δ area increases by 25.72% at 20 °C. The results prove the general applicability of yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism. Besides, the novel damping materials also exhibit excellent flexibility, stretchability, and resilience, offering a promising application toward damping coating, indicating broad scope of application in transportation and sophisticated electronics, etc.     

Chemical mediation of egg capsule deposition by mud snails

Mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta = Nassarius obsoletus = Nassa obsoleta) deposit eggs in protective capsules on hard substrata in soft bottom environments. We studied sites of egg capsule deposition and snail movement responses to odors to determine if chemoreception plays a role in deposition site selection. From results of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and field experiments, we conclude that mud snails use chemoreception for capsule deposition. Attractive odors originate from mud snail and whelk egg capsules and from living bivalves. Evidence for attractive odors from conspecifics is equivocal. Capsules are deposited on living odor sources and nearby hard substrates. We hypothesize that deposition of capsules on living substrates increases the likelihood that embryos will survive by decreasing the chance of smothering of embryos by sediments.     

Drift and retention of pelagic spawning minnow eggs in a regulated river

Long‐distance drift of eggs and larvae has been identified as a possible cause of downstream displacement and poor recruitment of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus; silvery minnow). Seven experiments were conducted using artificial eggs to estimate silvery minnow egg drift and retention in the Albuquerque and Isleta reaches of the regulated Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, USA over a range of flows during expected spawning times. Bead retention varied by reach, discharge, and shape of the hydrograph. Highest retention (6.9 and 9.7% per km in the Albuquerque and Isleta reaches, respectively) occurred on the ascending limb of a high flow in areas where there was substantial floodplain inundation. Retention was maximized at different flows in each reach (97 and 140 m³/s, respectively), possibly associated with reach‐specific floodplain inundation thresholds. Lowest retention in each reach (2.1 and 1.7%, respectively) occurred on the descending limb of low and high flows, respectively. Of the silvery minnow eggs produced in the combined Albuquerque and Isleta reaches in 2005, 8–14% are predicted to have been retained in the Albuquerque Reach (67 km) and 49–83% in the Isleta Reach (86 km) based on the distribution of adult fish and measured bead retention rates. Although silvery minnow propagules are capable of drifting long distances, our study suggests that considerable retention occurs in the Middle Rio Grande. Habitat restoration to increase channel habitat complexity, and flow management to promote floodplain inundation should help to retain a greater proportion of propagules in upstream reaches. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

豆浆污染管式膜清洗系统的实验研究

开发海绵橡胶球(固)-水(液)两相清洗系统，用于豆浆污染的管式膜的清洗．通过海绵橡胶球清洗与传统大量水冲清洗方法对水通量恢复率和蛋清截留率的比较，确认了前者具有良好的清洗效果．前者恢复率比后者高约10％，蛋清截留率基本不受影响，对膜孔径无明显影响．     

蛋清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其美拉德反应产物膜包裹对核桃仁脂质过氧化作用的比较研究

本文通过测定核桃油酸价、过氧化值、丙二醛含量、碘值和DPPH自由基清除率五个指标的变化研究比较蛋清蛋白膜、大豆分离蛋白膜及其与木糖美拉德反应产物膜包裹对核桃仁脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间（0⁸d）的增加,核桃仁酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量均呈现上升趋势,DPPH自由基清除率均呈现下降趋势,而碘值则变化不明显。加热第8d时,四种膜包裹核桃仁的酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量均小于未包膜的核桃仁,DPPH自由基清除率高于未包膜的核桃仁。四种膜包裹核桃仁的酸价无显著性差异（p>0.05）;而过氧化值中以蛋清蛋白膜组较高,且其余三组的无显著性差异（p>0.05）;四种膜包裹核桃仁的丙二醛含量均明显低于未包膜组,延缓丙二醛含量上升的效果依次为:大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜>蛋清蛋白-木糖膜>大豆分离蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜;大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜包裹核桃仁保留的DPPH自由基清除率明显高于其它三种膜。综上所述,两种蛋白及其美拉德反应产物膜包裹均可延缓核桃仁脂质过氧化,综合各项指标其效果依次为:大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜>蛋清蛋白-木糖膜>大豆分离蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜。