生物原油炼制： 副产物内循环及水热自催化

利用高温高压条件模拟石油生成的生物质水热液化技术可用于制备生物原油,以替代日益枯竭的石油资源,然而副产物处置问题制约了其可持续发展。解决该问题的方法首先是通过水热定向催化调控减少副产物,然后集成各种技术将副产物尽可能原位资源化。基于此并依据生物炼制的思想,本文对一种集成几种水热技术炼制生物原油的模式进行了讨论。依据生物质水热液化副产物的特性,通过对固体产物水热合成制备催化剂、水相产物回用产生有机酸、气体产物分离或彻底氧化后水热还原生产有机酸等,可实现副产物内循环并强化自催化生成生物原油。指出该模式符合绿色化工的理念,对于加快规模化生产可替代石油的生物原油、缓解能源危机具有重要的参考意义。     

硅-碳纳米管柔性复合负极的制备与性能

采用浮动催化化学气相沉积(FCCVD)法,将纳米硅颗粒(NSi)与碳纳米管(CNT)连续体原位复合,制备纳米硅-CNT复合膜(NSi-CNTf)柔性电极.借助SEM、能量色散谱(EDS)和电化学性能测试,分析电极的形貌特征和电化学性能.相较于传统Si/Cu电极,NSi-CNTf电极省去了浆料研磨、涂覆工艺,且具有良好的柔韧性和抗弯折性,比容量和循环性能均有提升.FCCVD法制备的NSi-CNTf柔性电极材料,纳米硅均匀分布在CNT薄膜的三维导电结构中,结合紧实,以0.2 A/g在0.01～2.00 V循环200次,比容量保持在790 mAh/g;在4.0 A/g下充放电,比容量保持在509 mAh/g.     

321不锈钢钝化膜孔蚀破坏的原子吸收光谱研究

采用原子吸收光谱方法测定不锈钢局部破坏后各种元素的析出量，研究了３２１不锈钢在ＮａＣｌ水不溶液中钝化膜孔蚀破坏的特征。研究结果表明：ＡＡＳ可有效地用于不锈钢孔蚀动力学的研究。     

纳米尺度下钯元素的催化效应及气敏机理

在研究了贵金属Pd和离子Pd2+催化剂对纳米结构厚膜材料气敏特性的影响之后,提出了纳米催化效应的见解。认为将微量Pd2+的水溶液加入到纳米晶SnO2-x粉体中,可使Pd2+离子均匀地分布。所形成的PdO1-x纳米晶,能更均匀地存在于纳米结构厚膜材料载体中,有望对可燃性气体起到最有效的纳米催化作用。实验结果表明当Pd2+离子最佳的引入量为1.04mol%时,对3000×10-6甲烷的灵敏度可达9～11。     

稀土强化Pt-Pd-Rh合金针织催化网在硝酸生产常压炉中的应用研究

在H厂生产硝酸的2套机组4台氨氧化常压炉中用Pt-Rh或Pt-Pd-Rh针织催化网作实验,并将稀土强化Pt-Pd-Rh针织催化网与该2种催化网进行了应用比较.用化学分析、光谱定量、光电子能谱、扫描电镜等方法分析了样品的组成及状态.结果表明,优化配套的稀土强化Pt-Pd-Rh针织催化网转化效率高、吨酸铂耗低、使用寿命长,合金中Pt高温氧化轻微,Rh的表面氧化及富集减弱,催化效果明显.提出了氨氧化常压炉用铂合金针织催化网的配套措施.     

人体关节结构的选择性网格简化方法

为了提高人体关节弹性护具的结构设计和分析效率，保证计算精度，文章提出了选择性进行网格简化的方法。针对关节运动过程中网格变化的性质不同，该方法首先根据关节运动前后网格的变化，将网格划分为处于拉伸和压缩区域的两类网格，然后对拉伸区域的网格进行简化，而保持原有压缩区域网格的分辨率。与对全体网格进行简化的方法相比，这种选择性网格简化方法非常有利于弹性护具应变能计算过程中对扭心的判断，在提高了弹性护具设计效率的同时，保证了计算精度。     

Synthesis of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes by ethanol catalytic combustion technique

Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes were synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion （ECC） technique with combustion method. Copper plate was employed as substrate, ethanol as carbon source, and iron chloride as catalyst precursor. The as-grown black powder was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the thinner bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have a relatively good structure that the compartment layers are more regular, while the thicker carbon nanotubes have a relatively irregular bamboo-like structure; the proposed method is simple to synthesize bamboo-like carbon nanotubes and has some advantages, such as flexible synthesis conditions, simple setup, and environment-friendly.     

Catalytic activity of Au/Fe-PILC and Au/Fe-oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of formaldehyde

Iron polymeric hydroxygroups pillared clays （Fe-PILC） were prepared by Na^＋-montmorillonite with iron pillaring agent. 2.01Au/Fe-PILC catalyst was obtained by deposited-precipitation （DP） method. 2.52Au/Fe-oxide catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation method. The catalytic activity of these catalysts was measured by catalytic combustion of formaldehyde. The catalyst of 2.01Au/Fe-PILC exhibits the high catalytic activity. The catalytic combustion reaction of formaldehyde proceeds at considerable rates at 20 ℃ and complete burn-off of formaldehyde is achieved at 120 ℃. The structure of catalysts, the valence state of gold and the size of gold particles were investigated by means of X-ray powder diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that gold atoms with partially positive charge exist in the catalyst and play an important role in the catalytic activity. In addition, nano-sized, well-dispersed gold particles and good adsorption properties of support are necessary to obtain high activity Au catalysts for catalytic combustion of formaldehyde.     

Preparation and properties of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8 anode material by glycine-nitrate process

Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8（CDC82） anode material was prepared by glycine-nitrate process（GNP）. Thermogravimetric（TG） analysis and differential scanning calorimetric（DSC） methods were adopted to characterize the reaction process of CDC82 material. X-ray diffractometry（XRD）, scanning electron microcopy（SEM）, direct current four probe （four-probe DC） and temperature process reduce（TPR） techniques were adopted to characterize the properties of CDC82 material. After the precursor was sintered at 750℃ for 4 h, CDC82 material with pure-fluorite structure and nanometer size was obtained. The total conductivity of CDC82 changes little with temperature in air at 50-850℃, and the maximum value is 0.04 S/cm at 750 ℃. The total conductivity wholly becomes larger when the atmosphere changes from air to hydrogen, which greatly increases with increasing temperature and reaches the maximum value of 1.09 S/cm at 850 ℃. Some impurities such as CeMg and La203 exist after the mixture of CDC82 anode and La1-xSrxGa1-yMgyO3-δ （LSGM） electrolyte material is sintered at 1 200 ℃ for 15 h. The CDC82 material as anode material has excellent catalytic property for hydrogen and methane.