2-苯基-4-对氯苯基-1,5-苯并硫氮杂-α-(丁二酰亚胺基)-β-内酰胺的高效液相色谱法分析

采用Hypersil-ODS2(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水(70∶30)流动相,242nm检测波长,建立了测定2-苯基-4-对氯苯基-1,5-苯并硫氮杂-α-(丁二酰亚胺基)-β-内酰胺的高效液相色谱法。该法线性范为0～0.1mg/mL,回归方程为A=1.63×108c-2.86×105,相关系数r=0.9994,相对标准偏差为0.33%(c=0.06mg/mL,n=5),检出限为0.08μg/mL。平均回收率在97.2%～102.4%之间。该法重现性好,灵敏度高,简单,快速,准确。     

A Holistic Approach to Determining Stereochemistry of Potential Pharmaceuticals by Circular Dichroism with β-Lactams as Test Cases

This paper’s main objective is to show that many different factors must be considered when solving stereochemical problems to avoid misleading conclusions and obtain conclusive results from the analysis of spectroscopic properties. Particularly in determining the absolute configuration, the use of chiroptical methods is crucial, especially when other techniques, including X-ray crystallography, fail, are not applicable, or give inconclusive results. Based on various β-lactam derivatives as models, we show how to reliably determine their absolute configuration (AC) and preferred conformation from circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Comprehensive CD analysis, employing both approaches, i.e., traditional with their sector and helicity rules, and state-of-the-art supported by quantum chemistry (QC) calculations along with solvation models for both electronic (ECD) and vibrational (VCD) circular dichroism ranges, allows confident defining stereochemistry of the β-lactams studied. Based on an in-depth analysis of the results, we have shown that choosing a proper chiroptical method/s strictly depends on the specific case and certain structural features.     

Isolation of σ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine from culture broths by covalent chromatography

An efficient procedure for the isolation of reduced -(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV) from culture supernatants of β-lactam antibiotic-producing microorganisms is described. The method utilises covalent chromatography to isolate thiols from culture broths that have been deproteinised and undergone borohydride reduction. 2-Pyridyl disulphide activated thiopropyl Sepharose was employed batchwise to isolate the thiols present in such broths from cultures of the known ACV excreter Cephalosporium acremonium N2 and the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum P2. ACV was separated from these mixtures of thiols by gel permeation chromatograhy. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis showed the ACV to be of a high purity unless isolated from a highly complex culture medium.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中14种 β-内酰胺类兽药残留量的研究

A multiresidue method for the detection of 14 important β-lactam antibiotics (Amoxicyllin, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Azlocillin, Methicillin, Phenethicillin, Cefalexin, Cefapirin, Cefazolin) in muscle, liver and kidney of pigs is presented .The method use CH₃CN/water during the extraction procedure and cleanup step over a waters oasis HLB SPE cartridge. The analytes are separated and detected by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using external standard method . The recoveries for all 14 β-lactam antibiotics in muscle, liver and kidney of pigs ranged from 62.2%-96.8% at the fortification level ranged from 0.1 to 1 000 mg/kg.     

Molecular Basis of AmpC β-Lactamase Induction by Avibactam in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: PBP Occupancy,Live Cell Binding Dynamics and Impact on Resistant Clinical Isolates Harboring PDC-X Variants

Avibactam belongs to the new class of diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitors. Its inhibitory spectrum includes class A, C and D enzymes, including P. aeruginosa AmpC. Nonetheless, recent reports have revealed strain-dependent avibactam AmpC induction. In the present work, we wanted to assess the mechanistic basis underlying AmpC induction and determine if derepressed PDC-X mutated enzymes from ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant clinical isolates were further inducible. We determined avibactam concentrations that half-maximally inhibited (IC₅₀) bocillin FL binding. Inducer β-lactams were also studied as comparators. Live cells’ time-course penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) occupancy of avibactam was studied. To assess the ampC induction capacity of avibactam and comparators, qRT-PCR was performed in wild-type PAO1, PBP4, triple PBP4, 5/6 and 7 knockout derivatives and two ceftazidime/avibactam-susceptible/resistant XDR clinical isolates belonging to the epidemic high-risk clone ST175. PBP4 inhibition was observed for avibactam and β-lactam comparators. Induction capacity was consistently correlated with PBP4 binding affinity. Outer membrane permeability-limited PBP4 binding was observed in the live cells’ assay. As expected, imipenem and cefoxitin showed strong induction in PAO1, especially for carbapenem; avibactam induction was conversely weaker. Overall, the inducer effect was less remarkable in ampC-derepressed mutants and nonetheless absent upon avibactam exposure in the clinical isolates harboring mutated AmpC variants and their parental strains.     

对N-杂环卡宾催化的Staudinger反应的研究

以N-杂环卡宾催化剂1催化亚胺与烯酮之间的Staudinger反应,得到相应的β-内酰胺。室温下,在四氢呋喃溶剂中进行的反应,可得到95%的产率,反式∶顺式=5∶1的非对映选择性。实验结果表明,亚胺的保护基团吸电子能力越强,越有利于顺式产物的生成。对甲苯磺酰基(TS)保护的取代基为2,4-二甲氧苯基的亚胺参与的该反应可得到68%的产率,反式∶顺式=99∶1的非对映选择性。底物拓展过程中发现Staudinger反应适用于多种不同的亚胺与烯酮。苯基乙基烯酮和环庚基的烯酮活性都很强,可以和从强缺电子结构到弱缺电子结构的芳基亚胺,以及带给电子基团的或杂芳环的芳基亚胺顺利的反应。两个苯基的烯酮活性较低,只能与活性较高的缺电子结构的芳基亚胺反应。值得注意的是,在相同条件下,烷基亚胺参与的该反应都没能得到相应的β-内酰胺。     

Characterization of Interactions between CTX-M-15 and Clavulanic Acid,Desfuroylceftiofur, Ceftiofur,Ampicillin, and Nitrocefin

Cefotaximase-Munich (CTX-M) extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are commonly associated with Gram-negative, hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Several beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanate, are used to inhibit the activity of these enzymes. To understand the mechanism of CTX-M-15 activity, we have determined the crystal structures of CTX-M-15 in complex with two specific classes of beta-lactam compounds, desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) and ampicillin, and an inhibitor, clavulanic acid. The crystal structures revealed that Ser70 and five other residues (Lys73, Tyr105, Glu166, Ser130, and Ser237) participate in catalysis and binding of those compounds. Based on analysis of steady-state kinetics, thermodynamic data, and molecular docking to both wild-type and S70A mutant structures, we determined that CTX-M-15 has a similar affinity for all beta-lactam compounds (ceftiofur, nitrocefin, DFC, and ampicillin), but with lower affinity for clavulanic acid. A catalytic mechanism for tested β-lactams and two-step inhibition mechanism of clavulanic acid were proposed. CTX-M-15 showed a higher activity toward DFC and nitrocefin, but significantly lower activity toward ampicillin and ceftiofur. The interaction between CTX-M-15 and both ampicillin and ceftiofur displayed a higher entropic but lower enthalpic effect, compared with DFC and nitrocefin. DFC, a metabolite of ceftiofur, displayed lower entropy and higher enthalpy than ceftiofur. This finding suggests that compounds containing amine moiety (e.g., ampicillin) and the furfural moiety (e.g., ceftiofur) could hinder the hydrolytic activity of CTX-M-15.     

胶束电动毛细管电泳法分离检测五种β-内酰胺类抗生素

采用毛细管电泳法,基于胶束电动模式与有机添加剂协同作用,分离检测5种β-内酰胺类抗生素。考察运行缓冲液的构成及各组分浓度、pH值、分离电压等因素对电泳分离的影响。优化后的电泳运行缓冲液包含20mmol/L Na2HPO4-20mmol/L NaH2PO4 (pH8.5),20mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和体积分数25%甲醇。在18kV电压下5种抗生素在15min内达到基线分离。各组分线性关系良好,检出限5.3～8.1mg/L,进样精密度RSD 3.8%～5.5%。研究表明,对分子结构特别相近的抗生素,通过表面活性剂胶束准固定相与有机添加剂协同作用来改善分离效果是可行的。     

Short communication: β-Lactam resistance and vancomycin heteroresistance in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis

The use of antimicrobial agents has led to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains over a relatively short period. Furthermore, Staphylococcus spp. can produce β-lactamase, which explains the survival of these strains in a focus of infection despite the use of a β-lactam antibiotic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis to oxacillin and vancomycin (by minimum inhibitory concentration) and to detect vancomycin heteroresistance by a screening method. We also evaluated β-lactamase production and resistance due to hyperproduction of this enzyme and investigated the mecA and mecC genes and performed staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing. For this purpose, 181 Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mastitis subclinical bovine were analyzed. Using the phenotypic method, 33 (18.2%) of Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to oxacillin. In contrast, all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, and heteroresistance was detected by the screening method in 13 isolates. Production of β-lactamase was observed in 174 (96%) of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 8 isolates, all of them belonging to the species Staphylococcus epidermidis, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing revealed the presence of type I and type IV isolates.