Phenolic compounds and plant extracts protect paprika against UV-induced discoloration

The efficiency of phenolic antioxidants in protecting paprika carotenoids against discoloration was studied in a model gel system that was exposed to radiation of 274 nm at 20 °C. The fading of the colour of the gel was followed over a 6‐h period. Fifty percent of the colour faded from the control after 70 min of radiation. The ability of each antioxidant to prevent discoloration was assessed by using several different concentrations. Antioxidant compounds can be ranked according to their protective effect on colour: BHT > α‐tocopherol > epigallocatechin gallate > quercetin > rosmarinic acid ≥ caffeic acid and ferulic acid > coumaric acid > catechin. The ability of rosemary and tea extracts to prevent discoloration was comparable to pure compounds and this could be explained by their polyphenol content. Mixtures of α‐tocopherol with rosemary extract revealed strong synergistic effects.     

Partitioning of predominant lipophilic bioactives (squalene, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol) during olive oil processing

The partitioning of predominant lipophilic olive bioactives (squalene, β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol) in olive oil processing was studied for the first time using common integrated olive milling plant. 7% of the oil and 5% of the squalene present in the olives was lost in the last pomace. β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol, which are mainly concentrated in the seed of the olive fruit, was recovered in virgin olive oil to a lesser extent (66%, 67%) while 10% were lost in last pomace. Thus, the loss of β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol was higher than that of squalene and oil, due to nonrecovered bound forms. 19% of the α-tocopherol and 21% of the β-sitosterol loss was unaccounted for, which can be attributed to degradation of α-tocopherol and incomplete recovery of sterols from the olive and pomace matrices. This study provides a basis for process development studies.     

生育酚纳米乳液的制备及性能研究

为提高α-生育酚(α-Toc)的稳定性和活性,利用超分子包合机理制备纳米乳液,得到了一种稳定性好、透皮效果佳、抗氧化性能优异的α-Toc纳米传递载体.考察了聚山梨醇酯(Tween)的种类、羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)的添加量和α-Toc溶液的添加量对纳米乳液粒径的影响,并借助傅里叶红外光谱、透射电子显微镜、纳米粒度分析仪、热重分析仪和Franz扩散池研究了α-Toc纳米乳液的包埋情况和性能评价.结果表明,所制备的α-Toc超分子纳米乳液的粒径小且分布均匀,在0℃和室温条件下具有良好的储藏稳定性.纳米乳液可以显著增强α-Toc的热稳定性,比未经过包裹的α-Toc具有更优异的抗氧化能力,纳米乳液在化妆品配方中可有效促进α-Toc的透皮吸收.     

9H-xanthene-2,7-diols as antioxidants for autoxidation of linoleic acid

The antioxidant activities of 9H-xanthene-2,7-diols and α-tocopherol were studied during the oxidation of linoleic acid in a homogeneous solution and in an aqueous micelle dispersion. The antioxidant activities of 9H-xanthene-2,7-diols for both systems were 1.0–2.4 times greater relative to α-tocopherol. In addition, the 1,3,4,5,6,8-hexamethylxanthene-2,7-diol showed less cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts than did 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol.     

Effect of the phenol antioxidant type on the kinetics and mechanism of inhibited lipid oxidation in the presence of fatty alcohols

A kinetic analysis of inhibited lipid autoxidation in the presence of a phenol antioxidant and a hydroxy compound is proposed. It is based on studies of the dependence of the W^ROH/W_inh ratio (between the inhibited oxidation rates in presence and absence of a hydroxy compound) on the hydroxy compound concentration. This analysis permits establishing the mechanism of action of the hydroxy compound in the presence of different types of phenol antioxidants during inhibited lipid oxidation. The kinetic analysis has been applied to the oxidation at 80°C of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO) inhibited by 0.1 mM hydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or α-tocopherol in the presence of different concentrations of 1-tetradecanol (1-TD) and 1-octadecanol (1-OD). A linear character of this dependence is established during hydroquinone-inhibited oxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil in presence of 1-TD. In the case of α-tocopherol this dependence is linear for both 1-TD and 1-OD. The equilibrium constant of interaction between the phenol antioxidant and the fatty alcohols is determined by the angle coefficient of the linear dependence. The hydroquinone-inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1-OD has shown a non-linear character of the dependence under consideration. A kinetic model describing simultaneous participation of 1-OD in reaction with both the phenol antioxidant and the lipid hydroperoxides is deduced. Studying the kinetics of BHT-inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1-OD, it has been shown that due to steric reasons there is no interaction between 1-OD and BHT, 1-OD participating in the process only by accelerating the decomposition of the lipid hydroperoxides.     

Potential risk indicators of retained placenta and other diseases in multiparous cows

Retained placenta (RP), defined as fetal membranes not being expelled within 24 h after calving, is a costly disease in multiparous dairy cows that has been linked to immune suppression, infections, elevated lipid mobilization, and depleted status of antioxidants including α-tocopherol, and that increases the risk of other diseases (OD) in early lactation. Early detection of cows at increased risk of developing RP, OD, or both in early lactation could improve treatment success and result in improved milk production and reproductive performance. To identify risk indicators of RP, OD, or both, we used a nested case-control design and compared multiparous dairy cows that developed RP (n = 32) with cows that remained healthy (H; n = 32) or cows that developed OD (n = 32) in early lactation. We compared peripartal body condition score (BCS) as well as serum concentrations of α-tocopherol, metabolites [β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea N], haptoglobin, and macrominerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) on d −21, −14, −7, −3, −1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 postpartum. In addition, average serum concentrations were calculated for each cow for the last 3 wk prepartum, for 3 and 2 wk prepartum combined, for the last week prepartum, and for the morning after calving and compared between groups. The RP cows had lower BCS than the H or OD cows until 2 wk postpartum. During the prepartal periods, RP and OD cows had lower α-tocopherol concentrations (corrected or not for cholesterol concentration) and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations than H cows. Thus, lower prepartal BCS could be an early predictor for RP risk, and lower α-tocopherol concentrations and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations could be early predictors for disease.     

含α-生育酚的PE/PVA活性包装膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响

目的研究含α-生育酚的聚乙烯/聚乙烯醇(PE/PVA)活性包装膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响。方法通过溶液-涂布法制备得到含不同浓度α-生育酚的PE/PVA薄膜,测定分析贮藏期间含不同浓度α-生育酚的PE/PVA薄膜对鲜切苹果的色泽、质量损失率、硬度、维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化。结果含α-生育酚的PE/PVA薄膜可以使鲜切苹果的褐变减缓,失重率增加,硬度、维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量下降,抑制了其PPO活性,随着包装膜中α-生育酚含量的增加,对鲜切苹果品质的保护效果越好。结论该活性包装膜可以减缓鲜切苹果的品质变化,证明向包装薄膜中添加抗菌剂、抗氧化剂等来达到延长食品货架期是有效的。     

α-生育酚分子印迹微球的制备与吸附性能评价

目的采用沉淀聚合法制备α-生育酚分子印迹微球及条件优化,并对其吸附性能进行评价。方法以α-生育酚为印迹分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,在乙腈溶液中用沉淀聚合法合成了α-生育酚分子印迹聚合物微球,采用扫描电镜观察聚合物的形貌特征,并对影响其形貌的因素进行优化。结果最佳合成条件为:乙腈为反应溶剂,反应温度为60℃,模板用量为0.20mmol,引发剂用量为40 mg,转速为100 r/min。静态吸附试验结果表明,α-生育酚分子印迹聚合物微球具有两种不同的结合位点,结合位点的平衡吸附常数和最大平衡结合量分别为Kd1=0.995 mmol/L,Qmax1=22.420μmol/g;Kd2=0.458 mmol/L,Qmax2=15.865μmol/g。结论优化条件下的分子印迹微球形貌规整,粒径约为200nm,并对α-生育酚具有较好的吸附性能。     

Effect of rosemary extract, chitosan and α-tocopherol on microbiological parameters and lipid oxidation of fresh pork sausages stored at 4°C

The effect of rosemary extract, chitosan and α-tocopherol, added individually or in combination, on microbiological parameters and lipid oxidation of fresh pork sausages stored for 20 days at 4 °C was investigated. Microbiological determinations included the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., total viable count, yeasts and moulds and lactic acid bacteria, while pH values were also determined. Lipid oxidation was evaluated through measurement of primary (peroxide value) and secondary (malondialdehyde concentration) oxidation products. Chitosan addition resulted in significant (P ? 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth, while the lowest microbial counts were obtained in the samples containing both chitosan and rosemary, indicating a possible synergistic effect. Chitosan and its combinations with either α-tocopherol or rosemary, and especially the latter combination, showed also the most intense antioxidative effect (P ? 0.05), at least when compared to α-tocopherol alone or the controls, while use of rosemary extract alone had a comparable (P > 0.05) antioxidative effect with chitosan and its combinations. Shelf life of samples containing chitosan was almost doubled compared to the remaining samples. In conclusion, the best antimicrobial and antioxidative effects were obtained from the combination of chitosan with the rosemary extract.     

Protection of α-tocopherol in nonpurified and purified fish oil

Menhanden oil was purified by column chromatography to remove minor components. The effect of α-tocopherol (α TOH) (50–500 ppm) on the rate of formation of hydroperoxides in the original menahaden oil and in the purified menhaden triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction was studied at 30°C in the dark. An increase in the initial rate of formation of hydroper-oxides was observed at αTOH concentrations above 100 ppm in both substrates. The original menhaden oil oxidized more rapidly than the purified menhaden, TAG at all antioxidant levels tested, and the presence of minor components in the menhaden oil was found to contribute only to a limited extent to the peroxidizing effect of αTOH. The αTOH did not display any prooxidant activity at either of the concentrations tested when the control oil was the purified menhaden TAG. Addition of ascorbyl palmitate eliminated the initial peroxidizing effect of αTOH, and this emphasizes the participation of the α-toco-pheroxyl radical in the reactions causing an accumulation of hydroperoxides at high concentrations of αTOH. Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society in San Diego, April 25–28, 2000.