Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials

Adsorption of organic molecules from dilute aqueous solutions on carbon materials is a complex interplay between non-electrostatic and electrostatic interactions. Non-electrostatic interactions are essentially due to dispersion and hydrophobic interactions, whereas the electrostatic or coulombic interactions appear with electrolytes when they are ionized at the experimental conditions used. Both interactions depend on the characteristics of the adsorbent and the adsorptive and the solution chemistry. Among them the carbon surface chemistry has a great influence on both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions, and can be considered one of the main factors in the adsorption mechanism from dilute aqueous solutions. In this paper the current knowledge about the fundamental factors that control the adsorption process from aqueous phase will be presented.     

The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete

External sulfate attack is not completely understood. Part I identifies the issues involved, pointing out disagreements, and distinguishes between the mere occurrence of chemical reactions of sulfates with hydrated cement paste and the damage or deterioration of concrete; only the latter are taken to represent sulfate attack. Furthermore, sulfate attack is defined as deleterious action involving sulfate ions; if the reaction is physical, then, it is physical sulfate attack that takes place. The discussion of the two forms of sulfate attack leads to a recommendation for distinct nomenclature. Sulfate attack on concrete structures in service is not widespread, and the amount of laboratory-based research seems to be disproportionately large. The mechanisms of attack by different sulfates—sodium, calcium, and magnesium—are discussed, including the issue of topochemical and through-solution reactions. The specific aspects of the action of magnesium sulfate are discussed, and the differences between laboratory conditions and field exposure are pointed out.Part II discusses the progress of sulfate attack and its manifestations. This is followed by a discussion of making sulfate-resisting concrete. One of the measures is to use Type V cement, and this topic is extensively discussed. Likewise, the influence of w/c on sulfate resistance is considered. The two parameters are not independent of one another. Moreover, the cation in the sulfate salt has a strong bearing on the efficiency of the Type V cement. Recent interpretations of the Bureau of Reclamation tests, both long term and accelerated, are evaluated, and it appears that they need reworking.Part III reviews the standards and guides for the classification of the severity of exposure of structures to sulfates and points out the lack of calibration of the various classes of exposure. A particular problem is the classification of soils because much depends on the extraction ratio of sulfate in the soil: there is a need for a standardized approach. Taking soil samples is discussed, with particular reference to interpreting highly variable contents of sulfates. The consequences of disturbed drainage of the soil adjacent to foundations and of excessive irrigation, coupled with the use of fertilizer, are described. Whether concrete has undergone sulfate attack can be established by determining the change in the compressive strength since the time of placing the concrete. The rejection of this method and the reliance on determining the tensile strength of concrete because of “layered damage” are erroneous. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) should not be the primary, and certainly not the first, method of determining whether sulfate attack has occurred. Mathematical modeling will be of help in the future but, at present, cannot provide guidance on the sulfate resistance of concrete in structures.Part IV presents conclusions and an overview of the situation, with consideration of future improvements. Appendix A contains the classification of exposure to sulfate given by various codes and guides.     

A crucial experiment resubmitted.

Presents the "experiment" conducted by the prophet Elijah in 1 Kings 18:17–40 in which the priests of Baal and Elijah each sacrificed a bull and invoked the name of their respective god, but only Elijah's god responded. Satirical comments of 3 "reviewers" of psychological articles are included to show the ethical and methodological issues that might be raised if such an experiment were conducted today. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

美国弹道导弹防御C2BMC系统发展综述

指挥控制、作战管理和通信（command and control,battle management and communications,c2BMC）系统是美国弹道导弹防御的核心。通过详细分析C2BMC系统的功能、目标和研制进展,找出了其薄弱环节,在此基础上提出了一些对策与思考,对弹道导弹的发展建设具有重要指导意义。     

维生素C的紫外分光光度法测定研究

应用紫外分光光度法分析技术建立了快速测定维生素C的检测方法.利用样品中维生素C在弱酸条件下将三价铁离子还原为亚铁离子,生成的亚铁离子与邻二氮菲形成橙红色络合物,在最大吸收波长510 nm处生成物吸光值与样品中维生素C质量浓度成比例,结果显示维生素C质量浓度在1～ 30 μg/mL的范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,相对标准偏差为0.3％～ 1.0％,加标回收率为97.18％～ 102.67％.方法操作简便、可靠,可以用于样品中维生素C的快速测定.     

C4．5决策树法在高校奖学金评定中的应用

奖学金是提高高校学生学习积极性的一种手段,采用先进的人工智能技术对学生的成绩进行智能评价和预测．已成为一个新兴的交叉研究领域．采用C4-5决策树算法构建奖学金评定系统,挖掘学生成绩和奖学金等级关系的历史数据．建立学习成绩一奖学金等级智能评价模型．实验仿真发现,C4-5决策树算法的分类预测效果较为理想．     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization of three oncogenes on a leiomyoma

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, expression of three oncogenes, C-myc, RARa, and cyclin-D was tested on a uterine leiomyoma. C-myc and RARa were amplified in approximately 30% and 90% of the cells, respectively. Numerous small signals of C-myc were indicative of the presence of double minutes. Amplification of RARa is being reported for the first time in a leiomyoma. Cyclin-D was normal in diploid cells while it was highly amplified in polyploid cells. Low levels of amplified C-myc and cyclin-D cells seem to be the reason for this tumor to be benign, while RARa could not be effective without the association of some other gene such as PML. Information presented here are significant toward developing new curative strategies such as gene-specific drugs and molecular manipulation to stop the activity of cancer gene. Further study may elucidate that how fibroids grow and maintain their rare benign nature.     

振动梁信号自动检测系统的设计与实现

以ZY13Sens12SB传感器技术实验台为平台,以振动梁为对象,利用应变传感器检测振动梁的振动。给出了系统硬件设计原理框图、各模块之间的接口连接,通过调节实验台上音频振荡器的频率,达到调制和改变振动梁的振动频率,可实现振动梁以不同频率和幅度振动,利用示波器可实时观察振动波形。