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21.
K. Y. Cheah T. S. Tang Fujio Mizukami Shu-ichi Niwa Makoto Toba Y. M. Choo 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(5):410-416
A new catalyst, ruthenium-tin-alumina is found to selectively hydrogenate oleic acid to 9-octadecen-1-ol (oleyl + elaidyl
alcohol) at low pressure with high yield. Catalyst preparation methods, catalyst raw materials and activation conditions have
a significant effect on the activity of the catalyst. The optimum atomic ratio of ruthenium to tin is about 1:2. Catalyst
prepared by an improved sol-gel method shows higher activity and selectivity than catalysts prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation
methods. Chloride is found to have a negative effect on catalytic activity. The best catalyst is prepared from chloride-free
ruthenium and tin raw materials. Under the optimum reaction conditions of 250°C and 5.6 MPa, the selectivities for 9-octadecen-1-ol
and total alcohol (9-octadecen-1-ol + stearyl alcohol) formation are 80.9% and 97%, respectively, at a conversion of 81.3%. 相似文献
22.
M.M Ohadi S.S Li R Radermacher S Dessiatoun 《International Journal of Refrigeration》1996,19(4):272-284
Although ammonia has been used for decades as a refrigerant of choice for selected large- and small-scale applications, no formal database is available on heat transfer of ammonia. A critical review of the published literature on heat transfer of ammonia is provided in this paper. The available correlations for in-tube and external boiling/evaporation and condensation heat transfer of ammonia are discussed and evaluated where possible. Supported by the findings of this effort, research areas of relevance that can contribute to expanded use of ammonia as an environmentally friendly refrigerant are suggested. 相似文献
23.
A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction. 相似文献
24.
The use of thin film grids coated on surfaces is described in relation to the determination of deformations in doubly curved shells. The technique is called the coating film moiré interference method and employs a laser holographic approach. 相似文献
25.
Sonny g. Sundaresan William R. Finkenstadt 《International Journal of Refrigeration》1991,14(6):317-320
Earlier studies conducted in the use of sealed tubes with polyalkylene glycol lubricants and polyethylene terephthalete (PET) films revealed that the PET films exhibited embrittlement and (visual) degradation. This led to an investigation of PET embrittlement mechanisms with the new lubricants used with HFC 134a. The lubricants studied were three polypropylene glycols (the monol, the diol and the completely end-capped glycols), pentaerythritol ester and a blend of monol and ester. The effects of moisture content, temperature and lubricant structure were studied. All lubricants in this study were of viscosity grade ISO-32 (150 SUS). The results were compared to PET film embrittlement in the presence of CFC 12 and mineral oil. This study reconfirmed the earlier findings that the PET films must be dried to lower than 0.1 wt.% moisture content for use in hermetic systems. This paper discusses the effect of the moisture content of the lubricant and the effect of the lubricant structure on PET films. The dependence of the various mechanisms on temperature is shown. Esters and end-capped polyalkylene glycols are recommended for use with HFC 134a. 相似文献
26.
The dynamic behaviour of a thermostatic-expansion–valve (TEV)-controlled dry-evaporator is studied experimentally and numerically. Although the linear model of the TEV together with the distributed model of the evaporator is able to predict the stable dynamic response of the system adequately, it fails to reproduce the hunting behaviour that is observed under certain operating conditions. A scrutiny of the experimental data reveals the possible existence of hysteresis in the system. The distributed model including the experimentally determined input-output characteristics of the TEV is able to reproduce the main features of the hunting oscillations well. The amplitude and frequency of these oscillations depend on the static superheat setting, the heat load of the evaporator and the time constant of the TEV bulb. 相似文献
27.
Kazutaka Chibana Chaedong Kang Masashi Okada Koji Matsumoto Tetsuo Kawagoe 《International Journal of Refrigeration》2002,25(2):83
Water-silicone oil emulsion with an additive, (C2H5O)3SiC3H6NH2, was examined as a heat storage material. A spiral tube used as a heat exchanger was immersed in a low temperature bath and the emulsion was circulated in the tube to make ice continuously. Ice was separated from the ice–liquid suspension in an outlet tank. The amount of formed ice, the temperatures of the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger, and the temperatures in the tube wall were measured and the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux through the tube were calculated. Experiments were carried out, varying the flow rate, the temperature of cooling brine, and the thickness of tube wall. The condition under which slurry ice was formed continuously without adhesion of ice to the cooling wall was clarified. Though decrease in the thermal resistance of the tube increased the rate of ice formation or raised the brine temperature, it narrowed the range of the flow rate and of the brine temperature in which slurry ice was formed continuously. 相似文献
28.
Calcining of the mixture of BaCO3 and TiO2 with a ratio 1:4 at different temperatures was carried out to synthesize BaTi4O9 powders. Phase evolution of the samples was studied using the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffractometry
(XRD). Both techniques confirmed that the formation of BaTi4O9 started around 1000 °C. The XRD peaks showed that BaTi4O9 was most pronounced at 1250 °C. X-ray line broadening methods were employed to study the variation of particle size and microstrain
of the BaTi4O9 powders. The Voigt function in a single line and the pseudo-Voigt function in the variance methods were used in our case.
We found that both functions resulted in the same trends, i.e., the particle size increased with the temperature with the
biggest size of 180 and 160 nm, whilst the microstrain yielded the opposite trend with the lowest values of 6.2 × 10–3 and 1.1 × 10–3. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed the size of the large particles formed, due to agglomeration, to be
about 0.5–1.9 μm. Furthermore, it was shown that irregular shapes of BaTi4O9 powders necked to each other appeared at 1000 °C and grew into ellipse and rod shapes at 1250 °C.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
29.
Mitsuhiro Fukuta Tadashi Yanagisawa Hiroaki Iwata Kazutaka Tada 《International Journal of Refrigeration》2002,25(7)
This paper discusses the feasibility of a vapor compression/absorption hybrid refrigeration cycle for energy saving and utilization of waste heat. The cycle employs propane as a natural refrigerant and a refrigeration oil as an absorbent. A prototype of the cycle is constructed, in which a compressor and an absorption unit are combined in series. The performance of the cycle is examined both theoretically and experimentally. Although the solubility of the propane with the oil is not enough as a working pair in the absorption unit, the theoretical calculation shows that the hybrid cycle has a potential to achieve a higher performance in comparison with a simple vapor compression cycle by using the waste heat. In the experiment, the prototype cycle is operated successfully and it is found that an improvement of an absorber is necessary to achieve the good performance close to the theoretical one. The application of an AHE (absorber heat exchanger) can reduce the heat input to a generator. Further examinations on some other combinations of refrigerant/refrigeration oil and additives are desirable. 相似文献
30.
脉冲激光沉积SrBi2Ta2O9铁电薄膜电容特性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用PLD方法成功地制备了SBT铁电薄膜,并制作成Pt/SBT/Pt薄膜电容器。SBT薄膜的晶面取向以(008)和(115)为主。在5V电压下,极化反转,并且得到较饱和的电滞回线,剩余极化强度和矫顽电场分别为84μC/cm2和57kv/cm。IV特性测试显示两个对称的双稳峰,并得到零电压下,面积为314×104μm2,厚度为035μm的电容器,电容约为560pF,介电常数约为600。疲劳测试表明Pt/SBT/Pt具有优良的抗疲劳特性。 相似文献