Residue Asn277 Affects the Stability and Substrate Specificity of the SMG1 Lipase from Malassezia globosa

Thermostability and substrate specificity are important characteristics of enzymes for industrial application, which can be improved by protein engineering. SMG1 lipase from Malassezia globosa is a mono- and diacylglycerol lipase (MDL) that shows activity toward mono- and diacylglycerols, but no activity toward triacylglycerols. SMG1 lipase is considered a potential biocatalyst applied in oil/fat modification and its crystal structure revealed that an interesting residue-Asn277 may contribute to stabilize loop 273–278 and the 3₁₀4 helix which are important to enzyme characterization. In this study, to explore its role in affecting the stability and catalytic activity, mutagenesis of N277 with Asp (D), Val (V), Leu (L) and Phe (F) was conducted. Circular dichroism (CD) spectral analysis and half-life measurement showed that the N277D mutant has better thermostability. The melting temperature and half-life of the N277D mutant were 56.6 °C and 187 min, respectively, while that was 54.6 °C and 121 min for SMG1 wild type (WT). Biochemical characterization of SMG1 mutants were carried out to test whether catalytic properties were affected by mutagenesis. N277D had similar enzymatic properties as SMG1 WT, but N277F showed a different substrate selectivity profile as compared to other SMG1 mutants. Analysis of the SMG1 3D model suggested that N277D formed a salt bridge via its negative charged carboxyl group with a positively charged guanidino group of R227, which might contribute to confer N277D higher temperature stability. These findings not only provide some clues to understand the molecular basis of the lipase structure/function relationship but also lay the framework for engineering suitable MDL lipases for industrial applications.     

蛹虫草高产胞外虫草素和虫草多糖的诱变育种

通过诱变获得高产胞外虫草素和虫草多糖的蛹虫草菌株.采用紫外线诱变(UV)、化学诱变(LiCl)、复合诱变(UV-LiCl) 3种方式对蛹虫草孢子进行诱变;发酵检测存活菌株的胞外虫草素和虫草多糖的含量.结果:以胞外虫草素为指标,3种诱变方式的最大正突变率分别为化学突变(29.2％)＞紫外突变(28.6％)＞复合诱变(26.5％);以胞外多糖为指标,最大正突变率分别为紫外诱变(35.7％)＞复合诱变(33.3％)＞化学诱变(27.0％).紫外诱变突变株Z-5-1胞外虫草素产量达0.842g/L,比出发菌株高311％;紫外诱变突变株Z-4-7胞外虫草多糖产量达5.250g/L,比出发菌株高148％.在连续培养5代后,仍具有较好的遗传稳定性.紫外诱变能获得较高的蛹虫草正突变率,同时能获得高产虫草素、虫草多糖的突变株.     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育高产曲酸米曲霉

以米曲霉KA2308作为出发菌株,首次利用常压室温等离子体诱变技术选育高产曲酸菌株,通过96孔板高通量筛选获得一株曲酸生产菌KA1515,曲酸产量提高到47.28g·L-1,比出发菌株提高了31.48%,经过多次传代,曲酸产量仍比较稳定。表明采用常压室温等离子体诱变能有效提高米曲霉曲酸产量。     

泰乐菌素高产菌株的筛选

以弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)TP-116菌株作为出发菌株,采用紫外线、氯化锂和微波三重复合诱变,通过泰乐菌素抗性定向筛选,获得一株高产菌株YBT-06,并对其进行了遗传稳定性试验,结果表明突变株YBT-06生产代谢旺盛,遗传稳定性好,发酵效价比出发菌株提高了25%,达到11066μg/m L。     

Modification of Substrate Specificity Resulting in an Epoxide Hydrolase with Shifted Enantiopreference for (2,3‐Epoxypropyl)benzene

Random mutagenesis targeted at hotspots of noncatalytic active‐site residues of potato epoxide hydrolase StEH1 combined with an enzyme‐activity screen allowed the isolation of enzyme variants displaying altered enantiopreference in the catalyzed hydrolysis of (2,3‐epoxypropyl)benzene. The wild‐type enzyme favored the S enantiomer with a ratio of 2.5:1, whereas the variant displaying the most radical functional changes showed a 15:1 preference for the R enantiomer. This mutant had accumulated four substitutions distributed over two out of four mutated hotspots: W106L, L109Y, V141K, and I151V. The underlying causes of the enantioselectivity were a decreased catalytic efficiency in the catalyzed hydrolysis of the S enantiomer combined with retained activity with the R enantiomer. The results demonstrate the feasibility of molding the stereoselectivity of this biocatalytically relevant enzyme.     

Suppression of Water as a Nucleophile in Candida antarctica Lipase B Catalysis

A water tunnel in Candida antarctica lipase B that provides the active site with substrate water is hypothesized. A small, focused library created in order to prevent water from entering the active site through the tunnel was screened for increased transacylation over hydrolysis activity. A single mutant, S47L, in which the inner part of the tunnel was blocked, catalysed the transacylation of vinyl butyrate to 20 mM butanol 14 times faster than hydrolysis. The single mutant Q46A, which has a more open outer end of the tunnel, showed an increased hydrolysis rate and a decreased hydrolysis to transacylation ratio compared to the wild‐type lipase. Mutants with a blocked tunnel could be very useful in applications in which hydrolysis is unwanted, such as the acylation of highly hydrophilic compounds in the presence of water.     

高产类胡萝卜素红法夫酵母的筛选

通过亚硝基胍诱变 ,以色素合成抑制剂二苯胺和 β -紫罗酮为筛选剂 ,筛选到数株类胡萝卜素含量较出发菌株高的突变株 ,其中一株经二次诱变 ,类胡萝卜素含量比亲株提高82 9% ,尝试了 5种酵母生长抑制剂作为筛选剂 ,其中以硫酸铜效果最好。     

CO_2激光辐照酿酒酵母菌的诱变作用

CO_2激光对甘蔗糖密工业性生产用酿酒酵母菌（SaccharomycescerevisiaeAS2．1189）进行辐照处理，经酵母菌糖密酒精发酵试验，对产乙醇含量进行了气相色谱分析，发现CO2激光对酿酒酵母菌具有明显的生物刺激效应，并初步筛选到乙醇含量有较大变化的辐照变异菌株；通过对这些辐照变异菌珠的乙醇脱氢酶同工酶的比较分析，证实了CO2激光对酿酒酵母菌的诱变作用。