农用地定级两种因素法比较研究——以重庆市九龙坡区为例

以重庆市九龙坡区为例,对因素法定级的思路进行探讨,提出考虑外部性的因素法。分别用两种因素法对九龙坡区农用地进行定级,并对两种定级结果进行比较。与不考虑外部性的因素法相比,九龙坡区外部性对农用地级别的贡献率为46.02%,两种方法存在一定差异。外部性包括自然和社会经济的外部性,是客观存在的,在农用地质量评价时应予以考虑。     

省级农用地样地法分等研究——以重庆市为例

本文设计了省级样地法分等方案,其核心是分等单元自然质量分的计算,特点在于“土地剖面”的构建。应用该方法对重庆市农用地分等的五个试点区县进行了等别划分,共将研究区划分十二个等别。利用1034个调查样点单元的标准粮产量(y)及与之对应的自然质量分(x)进行线性拟合,判定系数R2=0.67。结果表明,样地法分等结果较好的反映了农用地的作物生产水平,该方法可以应用到其它同类区域。     

农作物覆盖地表微波遥感模型研究进展

农作物是人类主要的粮食来源,微波遥感技术已被广泛应用于作物长势监测和作物生物量、含水量反演等研究领域,特别是微波遥感模型的发展更是提高了农田参数反演的精度。综述了农作物微波散射和辐射经验、半经验和理论模型的研究进展,对各模型的适用范围及优缺点进行了介绍,最后对农田微波遥感模型未来发展的难度和重点提出了一些见解。
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A Review of Polymer Interfaces in Tyre Technology

The study of polymer interfaces is of prime importance in the field of tyre technology due to the critical role these contribute to tyre operation. The paper reviews the main polymer interfaces present in a tyre—(1) tyre/road (tyre wear or abrasion; tyre traction/skid resistance); (2) polymer/filler (carbon black; silica); (3) polymer/cord (brass coated steel wire; textile—rayon, nylon, polyester, aramid); (4) compound/compound (tack); (5) tyre/air (oxygen/ozone protection)—with respect to the criteria required, physical and chemical, to achieve optimum performance.     

Good or bad bioethanol from a greenhouse gas perspective – What determines this?

The purpose of this study is to describe how the greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of ethanol from agricultural crops depend on local conditions and calculation methods. The focus is mainly on the fuels used in the ethanol process and biogenic GHG from the soils cultivated. To ensure that “good” ethanol is produced, with reference to GHG benefits, the following demands must be met: (i) ethanol plants should use biomass and not fossil fuels, (ii) cultivation of annual feedstock crops should be avoided on land rich in carbon (above and below ground), such as peat soils used as permanent grassland, etc., (iii) by-products should be utilised efficiently in order to maximise their energy and GHG benefits and (iv) nitrous oxide emissions should be kept to a minimum by means of efficient fertilisation strategies, and the commercial nitrogen fertiliser utilised should be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning. Several of the current ethanol production systems worldwide fullfill the majority of these demands, whereas some production systems do not. Thus, the findings in this paper helps identifying current “good” systems, how today’s “fairly good” systems could be improved, and which inherent “bad” systems that we should avoid.     

Energy use in the rural areas of India: setting up a rural energy data base

Aggregating and forecasting demand are crucial parts of energy planning. While a large number of energy consumption surveys have been conducted in the past in the rural energy sector of India, the lack of sufficient data and its compilation, coupled with doubt about the quality of data, has made the task extremely difficult. This paper summarizes our recent effort to compile, computerize and analyze data from 638 village energy consumption surveys covering over 39,000 households, carried out by different organisations between 1985 and 1989. The details of the level of information provided in the survey reports, area of survey, land use pattern, asset ownership, etc., of the collated studies are presented. Results based on the analysis of the energy consumption data compiled are then discussed. The national average for rural domestic thermal energy consumption (excluding water and space heating) estimated through this work (629 kcal or 2.63 MJ per capita daily) is much similar to the rural domestic thermal energy requirement assumed in most energy planning exercises in India in the past. The useful thermal energy consumption varies from 325 to 1065 kcal/cap/d (1.36-4.46 MJ/cap/d) in the East Coast Plain and Hills and the Eastern Himalayan Regions, respectively. Reconfirming the predominance of firewood, the data reveals that the contribution of firewood to the domestic thermal energy consumption has remained at about 58% over the last three decades; dungcake and agricultural residues contribute almost equally in the remaining share. At the national level, our estimates indicate that at least 180 million tonnes of firewood, 40 million tonnes of dungcakes and 30 million tonnes of agricultural residues were consumed in the rural sector for meeting the domestic thermal energy requirement in 1991. The paper also compares the estimates with those based on other surveys in India.     

Palm kernel shell as fuel for burning bricks

The use of an agricultural waste product, palm kernel shell, as a fuel for firing bricks is explored as a means of reducing environmental degradation and depletion of scarce firewood in Ghana. A simple but efficient methodology of clamp firing bricks using the new fuel is developed and tested. The resulting bricks are analysed for physical properties and suitability for construction use. The viability of palm kernel shell as a fuel for small-scale brick industries is considered. On etudie actuellement au Ghana les possibilites d'utilisation d'un dechet agricole, en l'occurrence, les coquilles de noix de palme, comme combustible dans les briqueteries; une telle solution permettrait de reduire la degradation de l'environnement et de diminuer l'appauvrissement des maigres reserves en bois de chauffage du pays. A cet effet, on met au point une methodologie simple mais efficace de cuisson des briques en brulant des dechets de coquilles de noix de palme. On analyse les proprietes physiques de ces briques et on verifie qu'elles conviennent a la construction. On etudie la viabilite de la coquille de noix de palme pour l'alimentation en combustible des petites briqueteries.     

基于改进蚁群算法的农用喷药机器人路径规划

研究农用喷药机器人路径规划问题,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的路径寻优方法。首先,获取实际工作环境信息,抽象化处理工作环境,采用栅格法建立喷药机器人工作环境模型;其次,为使算法搜索更具目的性,引入目标点诱导机制,设计新的距离启发函数,并在此基础上对状态转移概率进行改进;为避免算法搜索出现停滞和提高路径搜索效率,通过引入信息素阈值限定、信息素局部和全局更新相结合的策略对信息素更新方式进行优化;最后,通过仿真实验测试两种算法解决喷药机器人路径规划问题的实际效果。结果表明:两种算法均能有效解决喷药机器人路径规划问题,且相比传统蚁群算法,改进蚁群算法不仅可以有效改善自身收敛性能,而且可以增强自身全局寻优能力。     

基于扩展H∞滤波农业机器人滑移运动模型估计

针对履带式农业自动化机器人侧滑运动控制问题,提出了一种基于扩展H_∞滤波的滑移运动模型估计方法。首先,给出了机器人侧滑转向的速度瞬心(ICRs)运动模型,并针对不同的运行路况进行双模态并行估计实现。接着,针对不同路况进行了实现分析。固定路况下,采用扩展H_∞滤波(EHF)在线实时估计ICRs参数值;时变路况下,首先采用k均值聚类对运行路况进行类别划分,然后针对划分的类型进行EHF估计。仿真和实验结果表明,该估计方法在固定路况和时变路况下均能快速估计侧滑机器人的运动学模型,保持了较高的拟合精度。     

台湾农地释出政策对国土资源合理开发利用的启示

本文回顾了1993年以来的台湾农地释出政策演进历史,分别从探索中的释出阶段、转型期的理性释出阶段和新"国土"功能分区下的农地释出阶段对这一过程进行解读;揭示了台湾农地释出政策经历了从工商业用地需求导向到注重农用地整体统筹规划利用,从关注台湾本土发展转型到因应国际形势变化的发展历程;进而讨论了对大陆建设用地合理扩张和耕地保护的启示。