钻井废物的固化处理

本文在分析钻井废物特性的基础上,选用水泥基和石灰基两种固化体系,以烟灰、蒙脱土为添加剂进行固化试验。实验表明,经处理后的钻井废物,重金属铬和COD的浸出量都降低了95%以上,产物稳定性好,从而能减少它对环境的污染。文中还讨论了影响固化效果的一些因素。     

Century 21 - Pregnant with Ozone

As we enter this new century, it is striking how the number of applications for ozone is growing. During ozone's first century, the emphasis for using it involved primarily, potable water treatment, wastewater treatment, bottled water treatment, odor control and medical therapy. Of these, potable water and wastewater treatment now can be called the “classical” applications for ozone. But there are a great many more uses for this versatile chemical that might be termed “non-classical”, and these began emerging toward the end of the last century. Some of these so-called “non-classical” developing applications for ozone will be reviewed in this paper. As we enter the 21s1 century, applications for ozone in the various aspects of the agricultural and food processing industries are very active and most promising.     

可移动式高分辨率分段γ扫描现场测量装置的研制

描述了１台用于核设施、核材料现场测量的可移动式高分辨分段γ扫描装置。本装置用７５Ｓｅ和１６９Ｙｂ作为透射源测量样品对γ射线的透射率，采用近立体角三维自吸收校正模型计算样品自吸收校正系数ＣＦ（ＡＴ），较准确计算出样品对γ射线的自吸收校正量。本装置适合于准确测定中低密度非均匀核返料和核废物中核材料含量或裂变产物的含量，对２３５Ｕ硝酸铀酰均匀介质的盲样，测量结果与控制电位库仑测定的标准值之偏差小于１．４％。     

BIODEGRADATION PROCESS ANALYSIS BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Detailed analysis of biological processes for hazardous waste-water treatment presents extreme difficulty. Complexity of organic and inorganic solute mixtures in solution prohibits GC-MS analysis. Gross parameters must be used to monitor treatment process performance. Ultrafiltration, coupled with gross parameter estimation, provides enhanced definition of treatment. Results, employed to monitor in-situ biodegradation of a hazardous landfill leachate, are discussed.     

Removal of dissolved rhenium by sorption onto organic polymers: study of rhenium as an analogue of radioactive technetium

Technetium (99Tc) is one of the main components of nuclear wastes. Tc characteristics can be predicted by studying rhenium (75Re), one of its chemical analogue, thus avoiding the use of a radioactive element at high concentrations. The objectives of this experimental study was to understand the sorption behavior of Re with natural organic materials in order to define the possible condition of Tc uptake in case where Tc may be transferred into surface or ground waters. As the well-defined organic sorbents we chose chitosan which contains amine -NH2 groups; poly-galacturonic acid (PGA) and poly-styrene sulfonates (PSS) which contain respectively carboxyl -COOH and sulfonate -SO3H groups. Concerning the reaction of Re with PGA or with PSS, no interaction between Re and carboxyl or sulfonate groups was found within the detection limit of this study. Re sorption on chitosan was found to be dependent on ionic strength and pH. We propose that non-specific sorption of perrhenate ion ReO4- via electrostatic interaction takes place at the protonated amine groups NH3+. The polymer-solution interface can be described by the electric diffuse double layer model combined with the Langmuir-Freundlich model. The calculation is in good agreement with our experimental results.     

Production of energy carriers as a method of utilizing the bottom layer of acid tar

The possibility of using the bottom layer of acid tars at oil refineries (OR) for production of energy carriers based on modern energy technologies is demonstrated. For utilizing this product which accumulates in the ponds at D. I. Mendeleev Yaroslavl Oil Refinery, burning it in a circulating fluidized bed without expensive gas scrubbing systems to remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides is proposed.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 3–7, November– December, 2004     

Characterization of Cr(VI) binding and reduction to Cr(III) by the agricultural byproducts of Avena monida (oat) biomass

Chromium contamination of the environment has become an important issue due to the potential health threat it poses. Conventional technologies to clean up heavy metal ions from contaminated waters have been utilized, but these technologies are not cost-effective. However, the use of agricultural waste byproducts for the removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated waters may be a new cost-effective alternative. Oat byproducts from the Juarez Valley in Mexico were studied for the ability to bind Cr(VI) under different temperature and time conditions. The metal binding ability of oat byproducts was calculated from experimental data collected at temperatures of 8, 26, and 54°C, and time exposures of 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h at each temperature. These results showed that the binding of Cr(VI) to oat biomass increased as time and temperature increased. The bound chromium was recovered from the oat biomass by treatment with 0.2 M HCl. Through the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was determined to occur by the oat byproducts. These results indicate that the use of agricultural waste byproducts could be a better alternative for the removal and subsequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) from contaminated waters.     

包钢工业水资源调查初探

针对包钢工业水资源的利用现状和发展趋势,进行调查与研究,提出了对策和管理控制方案.为企业的技术改造、污染治理、综合利用指出方向,为区域的环境管理、规划、科研、监测等方面提供科学依据和丰富的信息.     

Inclusion of Some Aspects of Chemical Behavior of Unsaturated Soil in Thermo/Hydro/Chemical/Mechanical Models. II: Application and Transport of Soluble Salts in Compacted Bentonite

This paper presents an application of a coupled thermo/hydro/chemical/mechanical model via simulation of a laboratory experiment in order to investigate the transport behavior of ions in bentonite pore water. Chemical reactions considered include ion exchange reactions involving major cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and precipitation-dissolution of trace minerals (calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, and halite). The following conclusions are drawn based on the numerical results. The development of both the temperature and moisture fields was captured by simulation, and a good correlation with the experimental water uptake results was observed. For all ions, the model showed a good qualitative and reasonable quantitative agreement with the experimental results.     

Building with Local Materials: Stabilized Soil and Industrial Wastes

This paper discusses the chemical stabilization of the soil to produce building units such as bricks, tiles, paving roads and wall plaster. The stabilizers used are Portland cement and industrial wastes with latent hydraulic and pozzolanic properties. Mixes are designed depending on the mineralogical composition of the soil. The durability of the mixes is evaluated through testing the compressive strength of small cubes exposed to different curing conditions. The production line of the bricks may vary from manual to mobile automated systems depending on the productivity of the manufacture process. Industrial wastes with inert properties can be stabilized with the same technique.

This procedure offers a contribution to the low-cost housing and to upgrade districts of informal settlings in big cities.