The impact of maturation on concentrations of key odour active compounds which determine the aroma of tequila

Samples of non‐mature and añejo (matured) tequila of the same brand/provenance were analysed using GC–MS and gas chromatography olfactometry (GC‐O)/aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) to provide quantitative data on the most odour active compounds that contribute to the aroma of these spirits. Extracts of non‐mature tequila were characterized by 26 odour‐active regions, which included ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, 2‐phenylethyl acetate, β‐damascenone, isoamyl alcohol and octanoic acid as the most odour‐active compounds (flavour dilution, FD, factor ≥ 6561). In contrast, extracts of the mature spirit showed 36 odour‐active zones, where the compounds with the highest FD factors (6561) were ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, 2‐phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, guaiacol, 4‐ethyl guaiacol, vanillin, cis/trans whisky lactones, β‐damascenone and octanoic acid. The aromagram of mature tequila was thus differentiated from that of the non‐mature spirit owing to the presence of cask‐extractive compounds and the increased FD factors of certain terpenes, higher alcohols and acetals. This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of changes in key odourants of tequila as a result of the maturation process and also reveals a further characterization of the likely impact of each compound on overall spirit flavour, in terms of odour activity values. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

菟丝子醇提液对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨菟丝子醇提液（AECS）对脑缺血再灌注（I/R）小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用,对肝脑组织中相关酶的作用及其作用机制。方法利用超声提取法制备AECS;采用暂时性阻断两侧颈总动脉的方法制备小鼠脑I/R损伤的模型,进行避暗实验,观察AECS对小鼠学习记忆功能的保护作用;生化方法测定肝脑组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性。结果AECS中、高剂量可明显减少脑I/R小鼠避暗实验中错误次数,延长潜伏期;AECS中、高剂量能不同程度地提高肝、脑组织中GSH-Px活性。结论AECS对脑I/R所致小鼠记忆功能障碍具有保护作用,其作用机制可能为增强肝、脑组织中GSH-Px活性。     

毛木耳子实体蛋白降血脂活性的研究

本研究以毛木耳子实体为研究对象,研究了子实体中蛋白提取物体内降血脂的活性。研究显示毛木耳的具有明显降低胆固醇的作用。研究方法:提取毛木耳子实体中蛋白类的物质,进行大鼠降血脂的研究。结果显示毛木耳蛋白提取物有明显降低血液中胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的功效,降低率分别为28.4%、22.95%和42.14%,同时能够明显缓解高脂饮食引起的脂肪肝症状。由于毛木耳具有降血脂的功效可作为保健食品研发的原材料。     

绿蒜正己烷萃取物对H22荷瘤小鼠的影响

为了探讨绿蒜75%乙醇提取物的正己烷萃取物（简称绿蒜正己烷萃取物：GGHE）对H22荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及对其免疫功能的影响,建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型。将60只小鼠平均分为6组：空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照组（环磷酰胺CTX,20 mg/kg）、GGHE低中高剂量组（L-GGHE：75 mg/kg;M-GGHE：150 mg/kg;H-GGHE：300 mg/kg),连续给药14 d。测定小鼠体重、水食量、肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、ALT、AST的活性和MDA的含量;测定小鼠血清中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-2和VEGF的含量;计算水食效率、瘤体积、抑瘤率、脏器指数;分析肿瘤组织的病理特征。实验结果表明：M-GGHE的抑瘤率达71.48%。与模型组相比,GGHE能显著提高小鼠水食效率、胸腺及脾脏指数以及IL-2,TNF-α的水平,降低VEGF的表达。不同程度的提高肝脏组织中抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的活力、降低MDA的含量以及转氨酶ALT和AST的活力。结论：GGHE对H22荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长有一定的抑制作用,改善了荷瘤小鼠的生存质量,提高了荷瘤小鼠的抗氧化水平和免疫功能。本实验提示可将绿蒜75%乙醇提取物的正己烷萃取物开发成治疗肝癌的候选药物。     

生产猪皮植鞣底革的清洁工艺

采用酶法堆置脱毛、剖酸皮、栲胶废液循环使用的工艺路线 ,能够彻底解决猪皮植鞣底革生产的污染问题     

啤酒酵母自溶物乳酸饮料的研究

以酵母自溶物为主要选择分离培养基,利用厌氧培养分离法从自然发酵的酸菜汁中分离出发酵酵母自溶物产乳酸能力强,并且产酸迅速的菌株A4;经鉴为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus.Plantarum)。经正交试验,确定了其发酵酵母自溶物生产乳酸饮料的最佳工艺条件,并对产品进行了分析。     

聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯-皂皮皂素微乳液的制备、表征及活性

选用毒性小、刺激性低且有P-糖蛋白抑制剂作用的聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯（D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate,TPGS）和乳化效果强的天然植物化合物皂皮皂素（quillaja saponin,QS）,与聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油（RH40）复配为乳化剂,再以油酸乙酯为油相,异丙醇为助乳化剂,配制TPGS-QS微乳液。利用普通光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和激光粒度测定仪观察微乳液液滴形貌、粒径分布和Zeta电位。结果：TPGS-QS微乳液具体配制方法为m（油酸乙酯）∶m（质量分数0.02%?TPGS溶液）∶m（质量分数1.5%?QS溶液）∶m（RH40）∶m（异丙醇）＝30∶6.6∶6.6∶39.4∶17.5,所用溶液均以纯水配制。该微乳液外观淡黄、澄清、透明,流动性强,液滴呈均一规则的圆球形,为O/W型乳液,微乳液平均粒径为（48.89±0.08）nm,Zeta电位为（－4.513±0.564）mV。为验证TPGS-QS微乳液是否具有生物活性,测定其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力,及其对HepG2和Caco-2细胞的毒性作用,发现该微乳液对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的半抑制质量浓度为67.15?mg/mL,具有一定的抗氧化活性,并且几乎不会影响细胞的正常生长,甚至在一定质量浓度范围对细胞有增殖效果。     

花椒叶提取物对烤牛肉饼杂环胺形成的影响

以牛肉和花椒叶为研究对象,研究花椒叶提取物（Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. leaf extract,ZME）添加量（0.015%、0.030%、0.045%）对烤牛肉饼中杂环胺（heterocyclic amines,HAs）形成的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,ZME能够显著抑制烤牛肉饼中总HAs的形成（P＜0.05）,对其最大抑制率为39.87%,但对不同种类HAs形成的影响不同。其中,添加0.045% ZME对2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶、2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉、2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉、1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚和2-氨基-9H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚的抑制率分别达到71.76%、78.02%、49.07%、35.82%和100%;而0.045% ZME却促进2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚的形成。进一步分析ZME对烤牛肉饼中HAs前体物的影响,结果显示前体物的消耗随着ZME添加量的增加呈降低趋势,相关性分析表明HAs的形成与多种游离氨基酸的消耗显著相关。上述结果表明ZME能显著抑制烤牛肉饼中HAs的形成,为其提高加工食品安全性及更广泛的应用提供理论依据。     

Quality and antioxidant properties of a reduced-sugar pomegranate juice jelly with an aqueous extract of pomegranate peels

In the present study, the production of a reduced-sugar pomegranate juice jelly supplemented with an aqueous extract of pomegranate peel (PE) is described. Influence of different carbohydrate polymers (guar (G), xanthan (X) and tragacanth (T) gums) on rheological properties was studied. Combination GXT presented the most similar rheological behaviour to commercial jelly. Jelly (J) and jelly with PE (JE) were stored at 4 °C over an 8 week period for physical, chemical, antioxidant, microbiological and sensory analysis. J and JE showed similar values for °Brix, colour and Aw, though the pH of JE was lower than J. Thiol and phenolic compounds were higher in JE than in J. Antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity and autoxidation of linoleic acid) was higher in JE than in J at 0 weeks, and were decreasing with time. Pomegranate juice with additives was generally less accepted than J and JE.