支链烷基苯磺酸钠的合成、表征及其结构对表面性质的影响

为了研究不同结构的支链烷基苯磺酸钠的分子结构与其表面活性之间的关系 ,以苯或烷基苯、酰氯及溴代烷为原料 ,经过酰化、格氏反应、氢化还原、磺化等步骤 ,合成了 6种分子结构明确的纯的支链烷基苯磺酸钠 ,并用核磁共振碳谱、傅里叶红外光谱对合成的化合物进行了表征 ,并分析了其高效液相色谱图。用Wilhelmy -Plate法测定了部分支链烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液的表面性质 ,发现苯环上不同位置的烷基链对其表面吸附和表面张力有不同的影响     

稠油磺酸盐及其对稠油的乳化降粘性能研究

乳化降粘开采稠油是一项提高稠油采收率的新技术,开发廉价高效的乳化降粘剂是该技术的关键。以大庆黑帝庙稠油为原料,发烟硫酸为磺化剂,合成了稠油磺酸盐。考察了酸烃比、反应温度、反应时间对磺化反应的影响。确定了磺化反应的最佳工艺条件为：酸烃比1．6：1,反应温度为50℃-55℃,反应时间为2h。测试了其对稠油的乳化降粘性能,结果表明,35℃时,稠油磺酸盐对稠油具有较好的乳化降粘效果,降粘率达90％以上。复配后效果更佳,且具有较好的适用性。     

几种磺酸锰盐的合成及其热重和红外表征

合成了对甲苯磺酸锰、邻甲苯磺酸锰、苯磺酸锰和甲烷磺酸锰4种磺酸锰盐。用热重和红外光谱分析方法对产物进行了表征。根据热重分析对4种无水磺酸锰盐的热稳定性进行了讨论,得出其热稳定性次序为:Mn(C6H5SO3)2>Mn(p-CH3C6H4SO3)2>Mn(CH3SO3)2>Mn(o-CH3C6H5SO3)2。红外分析结果表明,它们的分子结构不同。     

The Interphase in Rubber-Metal Moulding: The Influence on Adhesion of Sulphur-Containing Emulsifier Residues in Nitrile Rubber

When compounds based on nitrile rubber (NBR) are vulcanised in a mould a complex interfacial layer is formed at the surface of the mould. The components of the layer include vulcanisation and processing aids as well as residues of the NBR manufacturing process. When the moulding is removed parting occurs within the inter-layer; its constituents exert a dominant effect on the adhesion.

Rubber-mould adhesion has been studied by measuring the mould sticking index with a TMS rheometer and investigating the surfaces formed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This paper is concerned with the effects of organic sulphonate or sulphate emulsifier residues, which are common constituents of the interphase.

The adhesion has been measured of rubber compounds prepared with differing concentrations of sulphonates or sulphates included, and by use of rubber coagulated from latices stabilised with different emulsifiers. The presence of these residues generally increases adhesion, probably because of strong adsorption of the polar sulphoxy groups on the surface of the mould steel, producing an interfacial layer which is not easily sheared. In some experiments a tendency was observed for the adhesion to fall off at high sulphoxy residue concentration; this could be associated with weakness in shear of thicker layers of these compounds.     

Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment - a viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters?

The potential of a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) to remove polar pollutants from municipal wastewater was studied for industrial and household chemicals over a period of 22 months parallel to a conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. For half of the compounds, such as benzotriazole, 5-tolyltriazole (5-TTri), benzothiazole-2-sulfonate and 1,6-naphthalene disulfonate (1,6-NDSA), removal by MBR was significantly better than in CAS, while no improvement was recorded for the other half (1,5-NDSA, 1,3-NDSA, 4-TTri and naphthalene-1-sulfonate). The influence of operational conditions on trace pollutant removal by MBR was studied but no significant effects were found for variation of hydraulic retention time (7h-14h) and sludge retention time (26d-102d), suggesting that the lowest values selected have already been high enough for good removal. It is shown that the seemingly inconsistent results reported here and in previous studies regarding the comparison of trace pollutant removal in MBR and CAS are highly consistent. MBR is neither superior for well degradable compounds that are already extensively degraded in CAS treatment nor for recalcitrant compounds that are not amenable to biodegradation. For most compounds of intermediate removal in CAS treatment (15-80%), among them pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial chemicals, the MBR is clearly superior and reduces the effluent concentration by 20-50%. Despite of this clear benefit of MBR, the effect is not pronounced enough to serve as a sole argument for employing MBR in municipal wastewater treatment.     

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in indoor floor dust

A method was developed to analyse linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (C10-C13 LAS) in vacuumed floor dust in office buildings by the use of HPLC chromatography. Floor dust was sampled with a specially designed vacuum cleaner and fractionated into fibres and particles. The content of LAS in the particle fraction of floor dust sampled from seven different public buildings varied between 34 microg LAS g(-1) dust and 1,500 microg LAS g(-1) dust, while the content of the fibre fractions was generally higher with up to 3,500 microg LAS g(-1) dust. The use of a cleaning agent with LAS resulted in increases approximately 30% of the amount of LAS in the floor dust after floor wash relative to just before floor wash. However, the most important source of LAS in the indoor floor dust appeared to be residues of detergent in clothing. Thus, a newly washed shirt contained 2,960 microg LAS g(-1) clothing. The analysis of the office dust samples indicated that LAS (and probably other detergents) might be of importance for the indoor environment.