Harvesting light with transformation optics

Transformation optics （TO） is a new tool for controlling electromagnetic fields. In the context of metamaterial technology, it provides a direct link between a desired electromagnetic （EM） phenomenon and the material response required for its occurrence. Recently, this powerful framework has been successfully exploited to study surface plasmon assisted phenomena such as light harvesting. Here, we review the general strategy based on TO to design plasmonic devices capable of harvesting light over a broadband spectrum and achieving considerable field confinement and enhancement. The methodology starts with two-dimensional （2D） cases, such as 2D metal edges, crescent-shaped cylinders, nanowire dimers, and rough metal surfaces, and is well extended to fully-fledged three-dimensional （3D） situations. The largely analytic approach gives physical insights into the processes involved and suggests a way forward to study a wide variety of plasmonic nanostructures.     

MEMS热电堆高温测试系统中单晶材料的红外衰减特性研究

在对PerkinElmer公司的MEMS热电堆红外探测器静态和动态特性实验研究的基础上,本文提出了由MEMS热电堆、红外衰减片、靶体和存储模块组成瞬态表面高温测试装置的方案,对拓宽测温上限的关键元件--红外陶瓷衰减片进行了较深八的研究,用MEMS热电堆测量方法测量了氧化锆陶瓷片红外吸收系数,得出了不同厚度氧化锆（熔点为2715℃）陶瓷片红外衰减倍数曲线,为基于MEMS热电堆的表面高温测试装置的设计提供了依据。     

Interference Shaders of Thin Films

This paper presents a systematic study of light interferences at single thin films. Based on Fresnel's law, we have derived generic expressions of reflectance and transmittance for film interference, as well as specific expressions for free thin films and films coated on transparent or opaque objects. By combining film interference and volume absorption, we have obtained the reflectances and transmittances of film‐coated thin objects such as ribbons. Illumination models for all interference cases of single thin films are presented, and they have been implemented and tested for various structures and materials.     

Low-latency atomic broadcast in the presence of contention

The Atomic Broadcast algorithm described in this paper can deliver messages in two communication steps, even if multiple processes broadcast at the same time. It tags all broadcast messages with the local real time, and delivers all messages in the order of these timestamps. Both positive and negative statements are used: “m broadcast at time 51” vs. “no messages broadcast between times 31 and 51”. To prevent crashed processes from blocking the system, the -elected leader broadcasts negative statements on behalf of the processes it suspects () to have crashed. A new cheap Generic Broadcast algorithm is used to ensure consistency between conflicting statements. It requires only a majority of correct processes (n > 2f) and, in failure-free runs, delivers all non-conflicting messages in two steps. The main algorithm satisfies several new lower bounds, which are proved in this paper.     

小型钨丝电热原子吸收光谱仪的电源

随着对分析仪器的小型化、便携式需求的提高,钨丝电热原子吸收光谱仪在便携式分析仪器方面显示了很大的潜力.为进一步满足现场分析的需要,以单片机为芯片,为小型钨丝电热原子吸收光谱仪的空心阴极灯和钨丝电热原子化器设计稳定的一体化恒流电源;并编写PC机的控制软件,以USB或RS232方式与电源通信,方便控制空心阴极灯和钨丝电热原子化器电流,以及原子吸收过程.以此电路设计的小型钨丝电热原子吸收光谱仪对镉、铅、金和银的标准溶液测试结果为:检出限分别为(0.1,6.0,5.0,0.6)μg/L,相对标准偏差分别为8.2%,5.3%,6.0%和7.2%.测试结果表明:电源很稳定,达到了文献报道的钨丝电热原子吸收光谱的分析性能.     

固体激光器晶体吸收光场的设计仿真

设计了3类8种二极管侧面泵浦结构,构建了相应的泵浦光学理论模型,采用有限元分析方法,计算了不同结构下的吸收效率和矩阵元素标准差。首先,在给定泵浦总功率、芯片间距、掺杂浓度等前提下,随着泵浦距离在0～5 mm内递增,8种泵浦结构中激光晶体的吸收效率呈降低趋势,矩阵元素标准差也逐渐减小,其中部分结构在近距离(0～0.3 mm)泵浦时矩阵元素标准差变化程度较大,在实际应用中应避免泵浦距离处于近距离区间。其次,在相同结构参量下,随着晶体掺杂浓度在0.6%～1.0%内增加,激光晶体的吸收效率提高,同时,掺杂浓度提升也是造成截面中心峰值降低或半径方向上光场凹陷的原因。因此,掺杂浓度和泵浦距离的匹配将是提升半径方向上均匀性分布的有效手段。     

Balancing MXene Surface Termination and Interlayer Spacing Enables Superior Microwave Absorption

Surface chemistry and interlayer engineering determines the electrical properties of 2D MXene. However, it remains challenging to regulate the surface and interfacial chemistry of MXene simultaneously. Herein, simultaneous modulation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene surface termination and layer spacing by alkali treatment are achieved. The electrical and electromagnetic properties of Ti₃C₂T_x are investigated in detail with respect to KOH and ammonia concentration dependence. A high concentration of KOH caused the Ti₃C₂T_x layer spacing to expand to 13.7 Å and the surface O/F ratio to increase to 33.84. Because of its weaker ionization effect, ammonia provides finer tuning compared to the drastic intercalation of KOH with a thorough sweeping of the F-containing groups. Ti₃C₂T_x is enriched with conductive -OH termination after ammonia treatment, which achieves an effective balance with the increased interlayer resistance. Therefore, NH₃H₂O-Ti₃C₂T_x achieves broad-band impedance matching and exhibits an efficient microwave loss of −49.1 dB at a low thickness of 1.7 mm, with an effective frequency bandwidth of 3.9 GHz. The results herein optimize the electrical properties of Ti₃C₂T_x using surface and interfacial chemistry to achieve broad microwave absorption, providing a framework for enhancing the electromagnetic wave loss of intrinsic MXene.     

NH3 对二甲苯光氧化形成二次有机气溶胶的影响

二甲苯是一种重要的人为源 VOC, 也是城市地区 SOA 的重要前体物。二甲苯光氧化形成的 SOA 受多种环 境因素影响, 而 NH3 对该反应形成的 SOA 生成产率及反应机制的影响尚不清楚。基于室内烟雾箱模拟系统, 探讨了 NH3 对二甲苯光氧化形成 SOA 质量浓度、物理特性及化学组成的影响。研究表明, 在低浓度条件下, NH3 对二甲苯 光氧化生成 SOA 具有明显的促进作用, 结合气溶胶质谱结果发现 NH3 促进醛酮类物质进入颗粒相以及含氮有机物的 生成是导致 SOA 质量浓度增加的主要原因。此外, NH3 能够提高邻二甲苯生成 SOA 的吸光度, 但是对对二甲苯无明 显影响。分析表明, 相较于对二甲苯, 邻二甲苯光氧化会生成大量醛类物质, NH3 与醛类发生美拉德反应是导致 SOA 吸光性增加的主要原因。     

Effects of microstructural heterogeneity on very high cycle fatigue properties of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy friction stir butt welds

In this study, the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy and its friction stir welding (FSW) butt welds have been investigated. The results show that the failure of FSW joints still occurs at 7.0 × 10⁸ cycles. The fatigue properties of the FSW joints are superior to those of the base material, especially in the super long life regime. Most fatigue cracks initiate at the thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat affected zone on the advancing side of the FSW joints, and the susceptibility of these zones to fatigue is attributed to the metallurgical heterogeneity.     

Drug self-assembly: A phenomenon at the nanometer scale with major impact in the structure–biological properties relationship and the treatment of disease

Under water-rich conditions, small amphiphilic and hydrophobic drug molecules self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures. Thus, substantial modifications in their interaction with cellular structures and the ability to reach intracellular targets could happen. Additionally, drug aggregates could be more toxic than the non-aggregated counterparts, or vice versa. Moreover, since self-aggregation reduces the number of effective “monomeric” molecules that interact with the target, the drug potency could be underestimated. In other cases, the activity could be ascribed to the non-aggregated molecule while it stems from its aggregates. Thus, drug self-assembly could mislead from drug throughput screening assays to advanced preclinical and clinical trials. Finally, aggregates could serve as crystallization nuclei. The impact that this phenomenon has on the biological performance of active compounds, the inconsistent and often controversial nature of the published data and the need for recommendations/guidelines as preamble of more harmonized research protocols to characterize drug self-aggregation were main motivations for this review. First, the key molecular and environmental parameters governing drug self-aggregation, the main drug families for which this phenomenon and the methods used for its characterization are described. Then, promising nanotechnology platforms investigated to prevent/control it towards a more efficient drug development process are briefly discussed.