Comparative study of indices used in toxicity evaluation of effluents

Several toxicological indices currently proposed (inter)nationally to aid decision-making tasks in effluent control were compared. To evaluate effluent ranking differences between the indices an inversion distance as a similarity measure was proposed. The major factor influencing effluent ranking were found to be a composition of test-battery. Differences in mathematical operator of the indices such as, e.g. arithmetic mean (used in averaging indices) or maximum one (used in an approach of the most sensitive test in a battery), affect the ranking similarity noticeably lesser than the modification of the percentage effect level of the measurement endpoints. Effluent and/or river flow parameters incorporated into the indices substantially modify ranking results of the effluent set. For the analysis, the toxicological information on 23 effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants operating in cities and small towns of Lithuania as well as test-battery data on industrial effluents published elsewhere were used. It seems that the general statements achieved in the current study can be applied to any set of effluents.     

晶体光学中若干基本问题的讨论

本文论证了晶体光学中的若干基本问题,如各种类型光率体之间的关系、光性正负判别式、光轴角计算公式以及⊥B_(xa)和⊥B_x。切面的双折射率大小等,结合实例分析并修正了以往文献中关于这些问题不正确或不准确的结论。     

Statistical analysis of process capability indices with measurement errors

Process capability indices (PCIs) have been widely used in manufacturing industries to provide a quantitative measure of process potential and performance. While some efforts have been dedicated in the literature to the statistical properties of PCIs estimators, scarce attention has been given to the evaluation of these properties when sample data are affected by measurement errors. In this work we deal with the problem of measurement‐error effects on the performance of PCIs. The analysis is illustrated with reference to and , i.e. the two most common measures suggested to evaluate process capability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of understory vegetation on forest canopy reflectance and remotely sensed LAI estimates

Forest leaf area index (LAI), is an important variable in carbon balance models. However, understory vegetation is a recognized problem that limits the accuracy of satellite-estimated forest LAI. A canopy reflectance model was used to investigate the impact of the understory vegetation on LAI estimated from reflectance values estimated from satellite sensor data. Reflectance spectra were produced by the model using detailed field data as input, i.e. forest LAI, tree structural parameters, and the composition, distribution and reflectance of the forest floor. Common deciduous and coniferous forest types in southern Sweden were investigated. A negative linear relationship (r² = 0.6) was observed between field estimated LAI and the degree of understory vegetation, and the results indicated better agreement when coniferous and deciduous stands were analysed separately. The simulated spectra verified that the impact of the understory on the reflected signal from the top of the canopy is important; the reflectance values varying by up to ± 18% in the red and up to ± 10% in the near infra-red region of the spectra due to the understory. In order to predict the variation in LAI due to the understory vegetation, model inversions were performed where the input spectra were changed between the minimum, average and maximum reflectance values obtained from the forward runs. The resulting variation in LAI was found to be 1.6 units on average. The LAI of the understory could be predicted indirectly from simple stand data on forest characteristics, i.e. from allometric estimates, as an initial step in the process of estimating LAI. It is suggested here that compensation for the effect of the understory would improve the accuracy in the estimates of canopy LAI considerably.     

Data‐Driven Modelling of Quality and Performance Indices in Sintermaking

In developing data‐driven models of complex real‐world systems, a common problem is how to select relevant inputs from a large set of measurements. If the observations of the outputs to be predicted by the model are scarce, which may be the case if the outputs are indices determined in toilsome laboratory tests, strict constraints have to be imposed on the number of model parameters. In neural network modelling, this limitation in practice also restricts the number of hidden nodes as well as the number of input variables, since the dimension of the weight vector strongly depends on these. This paper presents a systematic method for data‐driven modelling with feedforward layered neural networks, including a method for the selection of input variables. The method is illustrated on a problem from ironmaking industry, where sinter quality indices are predicted on the basis of raw material properties. Furthermore, an inversion technique of the resulting network models is proposed, where an optimization problem is solved to maximize the performance of the sintering operation by manipulating the inputs.     

高校数字化校园评价指标体系的研究

通过对十多所高校的调查访问,吸取已有的国家信息化和企业信息化的测评理论和方法的优点,提出了一个可行的数字化校园评价指标体系,并对其进行了详细的量化论述.在指标权重的判定中,采用专家打分法来确定每一项指标的权重.     

多变量自适应极点配置系统稳定的充要条件

对于多变量自适应极点配置系统给出了其稳定的充要条件，并在充分性的证明过程中构造性地提出了一种估计参数的修正策略，保证了修正参数所对应的广义Sylvester矩阵渐近一致非奇异，得到了无须能控性的稳定多变量自适应极点配置系统，解决了多变量自适应极点配置的奇异问题，所需的先验知识仅为能观性指数和不确定或干扰的上界。     

服装生理学评价指标及其测试技术

本文从服装工效学应用角度,总结了体核温度、体表温度、平均身体温度、新陈代谢产热量、热平衡差、热损失、出汗量、心率和血压等服装生理学评价指标;描述了这些生理指标的测试、计算方法以及有关测试仪器.从而为全面研究服装的舒适性与功能提供了可靠的生理学评价手段.     

Li_2B_4O_7晶体的光学性质

测定了用提拉法生长的优质Li_2B_4O_7晶体的透光曲线,较为准确地测算了该晶体可见光波段的折射率及其Sellmeier方程。     

Allelochemics and nutritional indices for larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig): A specialist feeding onLarix spp.

Nutritional indices for larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), larvae fed single and tufted needles of fourLarix spp. are reported. Larvae offered only single needles ofL. lancina, L. russica, andL. decidua had lower relative growth rates than larvae fed tufted needles of the same species. There was no significant reduction in larval growth for larvae fedL. kaempferi single needles as compared to tufted needles. Abietic acid-treated foliage reduced consumption but did not lower relative growth rate. These findings are discussed with respect to the mechanism of preferential feeding of the larch sawfly and current hypotheses of host plant herbivore interaction.Research supported by the School of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison under a grant from the McIntire-Stennis Program, Project 2243.