CpG-ODN对乙肝核酸疫苗及重组疫苗免疫效果的影响

目的研究CpG寡聚脱氧核苷酸(CpGODN)对乙肝核酸疫苗及重组(CHO细胞)疫苗免疫效果的影响。方法核酸疫苗实验组用CpGODN与乙肝核酸疫苗联合免疫BALBc小鼠,阳性对照组注射核酸疫苗,阴性对照组注射质粒pVAX1;重组疫苗分4个实验组,用CpGODN与不同剂量的重组疫苗配伍后分别免疫BALBc小鼠,阳性对照组注射重组疫苗,阴性对照组注射生理盐水。应用ELISA检测小鼠血清中的抗HBs水平。结果CpG与乙肝核酸疫苗组抗体阳转率比阳性对照组提高3倍,抗体水平提高2倍。CpG与重组疫苗组的阳转率和阳转时间均高于或早于CpG与核酸疫苗实验组。加入CpGODN后,即使重组疫苗用量减少3倍,诱导抗体水平和阳转率均无明显改变。结论CpGODN可提高乙肝核酸疫苗和重组疫苗的免疫效果,并使抗体产生的时间提前。     

SARS灭活疫苗的研制及其质量控制

目的研究适合SARS病毒灭活疫苗的生产工艺及其质量控制。方法连续制备3批疫苗,按拟定规程进行疫苗原液和疫苗各项指标检测。结果各项检测指标均符合拟定规程规定。结论我所生产的SARS灭活疫苗工艺稳定,质量可控。     

Vaccination of Silver Sea Bream (Sparus sarba) against Vibrio alginolyticus: Protective Evaluation of Different Vaccinating Modalities

In order to develop more effective immunological strategies to prevent vibriosis of farmed marine fish in Hong Kong and southern China, various vaccine preparations including formalin-, phenol-, chloroform- and heat-killed whole cell bacterins and subcellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as different administration routes, were investigated. Fish immunized with the subcellular LPS exhibited the best protection [Relative Percent of Survival (RPS) = 100], while fish immunized with whole cell bacterins displayed varying degrees of protection (RPS ranged from 28 to 80), in descending order: formalin-killed > phenol-killed > heat-killed > chloroform-killed bacterins. Regarding various administration routes, fish immunized with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections exhibited the best protection, and the RPS values were 100 or 85 upon higher or lower doses of pathogenic V. alginolyticus challenges. Both oral vaccination and a combination of injection/immersion trial were also effective, which achieved relatively high protection (the RPS values ranged from 45 to 64.3). However, two hyperosmotic immersions could not confer satisfactory protection, especially when fish were exposed to the severe pathogenic bacteria challenge. Marked elevations of serum agglutinating antibody titer were detected in all immunized fish. Macrophage phagocytosis was enhanced significantly, especially in the fish immunized by formalin- and phenol-killed bacterins through various administration routes. Both adaptive (specific antibody) and innate (phagocytic activity) immunity elicited by different immunization strategies were in parallel with the degree of protection offered by each of them. Although all vaccination trials had no significant effect on the serum hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, the circulating lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated in the fish immunized with LPS, formalin- and phenol-killed bacterins. Serum cortisol levels appeared to be reduced in all immunized fish except the trial of hyperosmotic immersion, which indicated the stressful impact on vaccinated fish.     

Optimising the oil phases of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised emulsions for stable,safe and efficient vaccine adjuvant

To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing, squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel (alum)-stabilised emulsions (ASEs) have been developed, which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen loading and enhanced immune responses. Nevertheless, the squalene (oil) in previous attempts suffered from limited oxidation resistance, thus, safety and stability were compromised. From a clinical translational perspective, it is imperative to screen the optimal oils for enhanced emulsion adjuvants. Here, because of the varying oleic to linoleic acid ratio, soybean oil, peanut oil, and olive oil were utilised as oil phases in the preparation of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised squalene-in-water emulsions, which were then screened for their stability and immunogenicity. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of oil phases and emulsion stability were unravelled, which showed that a higher oleic to linoleic acid ratio increased anti-oxidative capabilities but reduced the long-term storage stability owing to the relatively low zeta potential of the prepared droplets. As a result, compared with squalene-in-water ASEs, soybean-in-water ASEs exhibited comparable immune responses and enhanced stability. By optimising the oil phase of the emulsion adjuvants, this work may offer an alternative strategy for safe, stable, and effective emulsion adjuvants.     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫性

目的　研究乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫原性。方法　用小鼠保护力试验和空斑减少中和试验检测该疫苗对国内外不同野毒株攻击的保护作用及其免疫血清的中和能力。结果　小鼠免疫 1针后均能抵抗国内 11株和国外 11株乙脑病毒的攻击 ,保护率均可达 90 %以上 ;人体免疫血清对台湾 1株和国外 9株病毒均有明显的中和作用。结论　SA14 142株乙脑活疫苗具有广谱的免疫原性。     

乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的体液免疫应答

目的探讨乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的体液免疫应答效果。方法用壳聚糖制备乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗,经腹腔、皮下和鼻腔3种途径免疫小鼠,ELISA检测小鼠血清特异性IgG抗体水平。结果3种途径免疫的小鼠均能产生针对各表位的特异性IgG抗体,鼻腔免疫效果最好;多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的抗体水平明显高于多表位噬菌体疫苗。结论壳聚糖微球疫苗投递系统可以提高多表位噬菌体疫苗的体液免疫效果。鼻腔免疫是多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的最佳免疫途径。     

分子生物学技术在黄病毒属病毒疫苗研制中的应用及该类疫苗的研究进展

黄病毒科黄病毒属包括70多种病毒,其中约40多种与人类疾病相关,大部分为虫媒病毒。其中对人类致病的重要病原主要有登革病毒、乙型脑炎病毒、黄热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒等。分子生物学技术的发展为黄病毒属病毒疫苗的设计带来了新的策略。本文对当前分子生物学技术如感染性克隆技术在黄病毒属病毒疫苗研制中的应用以及嵌合疫苗、蛋白亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

吸附无细胞百白破-重组乙型肝炎(CHO细胞)联合疫苗的中试工艺

目的探讨吸附无细胞百白破-重组乙型肝炎(CHO细胞)联合疫苗(DTaP-HBV)的中试工艺。方法通过不同的配比条件,探索DTaP-HBV联合疫苗的最佳中试工艺。以此工艺制备3批DTaP-HBV,进行各项指标的检定及稳定性试验。结果配方以无细胞百日咳疫苗原液18μgPN/ml,精制白喉类毒素25Lf/ml,精制破伤风类毒素7Lf/ml,重组乙肝疫苗原液20μg/ml为宜;DTaP-HBV的稀释液选用0.85%NaCl溶液吸附效果较好,各抗原间无干扰作用;不同配合方式对四联疫苗的效力影响不大。3批DTaP-HBV的各项检定指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求,且稳定性良好。结论已筛选出DTaP-HBV联合疫苗的最佳中试工艺,以此工艺制备的疫苗安全、稳定、有效。     

A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗大规模接种后的速发型接种反应观察

目的观察A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗大规模接种后的速发接种反应。方法以A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗为观察组,伤寒Vi多糖疫苗为对照组,按组群随机分层配对的原则,将观察现场分为108个组群,观察组和对照组各分配54个组群进行接种。建立接种反应监测系统,按统一表格和方法对两组的速发接种反应进行监测。结果两组共接种34 543人,其中A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗接种18 167人,伤寒Vi多糖疫苗接种16 376人。A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗速发接种反应率为0.44‰;伤寒Vi多糖疫苗速发接种反应率为0.79‰,二者差异无统计学意义;速发接种反应均出现在接种后15 min内,最早的出现在接种后5 min,速发接种反应中有2例为异常反应,但未出现严重反应。结论A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗速发接种反应发生率低,预后良好。     

Vero细胞乙型脑炎灭活疫苗的接种反应及免疫效果观察

目的观察Vero细胞乙型脑炎灭活疫苗的接种反应及免疫效果。方法选择乙脑低发区黑龙江省肇源县8月龄～10岁常住健康儿童为观察对象,按照免疫程序分别接种辽宁成大生物股份有限公司生产的Vero细胞乙脑灭活疫苗(A组∶水针剂型;B组:冻干剂型)和市售乙脑灭活疫苗(对照组),观察接种后的不良反应,并采用蚀斑减少中和试验(PRNT)法检测血清乙脑中和抗体。结果A、B组疫苗的总不良反应率为2.81%,对照组为6.63%,3组均未出现严重不良反应,发热反应以轻度为主,局部不良反应较轻微,72h后全部消失。免疫后血清中和抗体阳转率A组为93.3%,B组为90.4%,对照组为81.8%;GMTA组为1∶24.0,B组为1∶21.8,对照组为1∶15.4。A组、B组的中和抗体阳转率和GMT均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义,3组之间中和抗体滴度的分布差异无统计学意义。结论辽宁成大生物股份有限公司生产的Vero细胞乙脑灭活疫苗不良反应率低,免疫效果良好。