Fat bloom formation and characterization in milk chocolate observed by atomic force microscopy

The surface microstructure and polymorphic behavior of milk chocolate subjected to multiple thermal cycles between 20 and 32, 33, or 34°C were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface of unbloomed milk chocolate was smooth (surface roughness of 278 nm) and consisted of small, evenly distributed crystals. XRD results indicated the presence of mostly form V crystals and little or no form VI crystals. Cycling between 20 and 32°C resulted in little bloom formation and change in polymorphic behavior. Gradual bloom formation occurred as a result of cycling between 20 and 33°C, and was accompanied by the nascence of form VI crystals. Surface roughness increased gradually from 417 nm after one cycle to 476 and 521 nm after two and three cycles, respectively. Extensive bloom arose from cycling between 20 and 34°C. Surface roughness increased from 373 nm after one cycle to 603 and 736 nm after two and three cycles, respectively. This heavily bloomed chocolate consisted of jutting crystals and large raised, yet smooth areas that were haphazardly located within the chocolate matrix. In summary, a new perspective on the development of surface bloom due to thermal cycling is provided.     

Cooling rate effects on the microstructure and phase formation in Zr51Cu20.7Ni12Al16.3 bulk metallic glass

A detailed transmission electron microscope (TEM) study has been conducted to investigate the microstructures of the Zr₅₁Cu_20.7Ni₁₂Al_16.3 metallic glass formed at different cooling rates. It has been found that the most competitive crystalline phase to the amorphous structure is an oxygen-stabilized FCC NiZr₂-type phase, which in turn acts as the leading phase to trigger the formation of other crystalline phases in the slow-cooled alloy.     

Adaptive equality prediction of batch processes based on PLS model

There are usually no on-line product quality measurements in batch and semi-batch processes, which make the process control task very difficult. In this paper, a model for predicting the end-product quality from the available on-line process variables at the early stage of a batch is developed using partial least squares (PLS) method. Furthermore, some available mid-course quality measurements are used to rectify the final prediction results. To deal with the problem that the process may change with time, recursive PLS (RPLS) algorithm is used to update the model based on the new batch data and the old model parameters after each batch. An application to a simulated batch MMA polymerization process demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. __________ Translated from Jorunal of Tsinghua Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition), 2004, 44(10): 1360–1363 (in Chinese)     

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Film on Titanium Substrate by Sputtering Technique

Radiofrequeut magnetron sputtering technique was used to produce calcium phosphate coated on the titurdum substrates, and the sputtered coating films were crystallized in an autoclave at 110℃ using a low temperature hydrothermal technique. The crystallization of as-sputtered coating film on the titanium substrates were amorphous calcium phosphate film. However, after the hydrothermal technique, calcium phosphate crystals grew and these were cohumnar crystal. The Ca/P ratio of sputtered coating films in 1.6 to 2.0.     

剪切场下聚合物结晶形态学研究进展

聚合物熔体被引入剪切场后，会发生与静态下不同的结晶现象。微观上可以得到伸直链晶体、片晶及串晶；宏观上除了静态下典型的球晶外，还能观察到球晶的变形和柱晶等。另外，剪切还可以使晶体发生晶型转变。本文对聚合物熔体在剪切场下结晶形态学的研究进展进行了介绍。     

硫酸钾尾液冷冻回收高硫钾比矿物工艺研究

以硫酸钾尾液为原料,研究低温冷冻回收高硫钾比矿物合理的工艺技术路线,探寻适宜的贮存条件,为加工车间夏季高温生产硫酸钾提供优质高硫钾比原料.在低温下进行冷冻试验,根据冷冻结晶矿物产率及其干基组分确定适宜的冷冻温度为-15～5℃,冷冻制得的结晶矿物硫钾比均在3.0～5.1,符合夏季生产硫酸钾所需原料硫钾比>2.5的要求.高...     

Polycrystalline silicon films on glass grown by amorphous-liquid-crystalline transition at temperatures below 330 °C

An approach to deposit polycrystalline silicon layers on amorphous substrates is presented. It is shown that metastable amorphous silicon can be transformed into its more stable microcrystalline structure at a temperature below 330 °C via an intermediate liquid solution stage. In particular, the interaction of liquid indium nanodroplets in contact with amorphous silicon is shown to lead to the formation of circular polycrystalline domains. Crystallinity of these domains is analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The droplet size necessary for the onset of crystallization is related to the temperature of the film. Full coverage of the substrate with microcrystalline silicon has been obtained at 320 °C within less than one hour. These films might act as seeding layers for further enlargement by steady-state liquid phase epitaxy.     

Win2003 Server中用户的批量建立和管理

使用一种简单有效的批处理文件方法解决大量用户建立的问题,简化了管理任务繁重,重复性工作多,出错几率增大的网络管理工作,极大的提高了个人和单位的工作效率,减少了错误发生,对于在网络出现不可恢复故障后及时重新构建用户方面具有重要的意义。     

高冰镍浸出渣还原浸出工艺研究

以湿法冶炼高冰镍过程中产生的高冰镍浸出渣为研究对象,采用二氧化硫对高冰镍渣加压还原浸出,考察了初始硫酸浓度、液固比、通气方式、浸出温度和浸出时间对高冰镍渣还原浸出过程铜、铁行为的影响;对还原浸出液采用置换沉淀和冷冻结晶的方法,对还原浸出中铜和铁进行分离回收。结果表明：在初始硫酸浓度100 g/L、液固比6 mL/g、反应时间3 h、反应温度90℃、二氧化硫分压0.15 MPa的条件下,铁和铜的浸出率分别为99.35%、77.46%,浸出液中铁几乎全部为亚铁离子;在硫酸含量20～30 g/L、温度70℃、铁粉加入量5.7 g/L、反应时间40 min的条件下,对还原浸出液进行置换沉铜,沉铜率达到了99.70%,渣含铜为67.91%。在温度—10℃、保温时间20～30 min、初始硫酸浓度100 g/L的条件下,对沉铜后液进行冷冻结晶制备硫酸亚铁,铁沉淀率达到了72.6%,七水硫酸亚铁纯度达到了92.93%。