Corrosion behavior and electrical conductivity of niobium implanted 316L stainless steel used as bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The corrosion behavior and interfacial contact resistance (ICR) of niobium implanted SS316L used as the bipolar plate in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are investigated. The ICR values of the bare and niobium implanted SS316L are measured to evaluate the electrical conductivity. The effects of ion implantation on the corrosion behavior are investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests in the simulated PEMFC anode and cathode environments. The solutions after the potentiostatic test are analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The surface topography of the samples before and after the potentiostatic test is monitored by SEM in order to investigate the mechanism and degree of corrosion. The XPS results indicate that the composition on the surface is altered by ion implantation. The electrochemical results reveal that the passivation current density of the Nb implanted SS316L decreases and has higher chemical stability in the simulated PEMFC environment. However, the ion implantation fluence affects the current density. The ICP results are in agreement with those of the electrochemical test disclosing that the bare SS316L has the highest dissolution rate in both the cathode and anode environments and niobium implantation reduces the dissolution rate significantly. SEM shows that the bare SS316L undergoes serious corrosion whereas after Nb ion implantation, corrosion is greatly retarded. The XPS depth profiles indicate that a passive film with a new composition consisting mainly of niobium oxide is formed after the potentiostatic test. Our results suggest that niobium implantation with proper ion fluences can significantly improve the corrosion resistance and the electric conductivity of SS316L in the simulated PEMFC environments.     

基于遗传算法的低噪声轮胎花纹节距排列的优化方法

介绍了遗传算法在轮胎花纹节距排列低噪优化设计中应用的方法与步骤。将节距作为基因进行编码,随机生成一个初始群体,然后进行选择,交叉,变异和再生等遗传操作,用适应度函数考核染色体个体的适应度,直至遗传操作收敛到最优解。用遗传算法进行了低噪优化实例分析。结果表明,该算法具有良好的收敛性和降噪优化效果,为轮胎花纹其它设计参数的低噪优化提供了一个先进、实用和科学的研究思路。     

Application of Ni-free high nitrogen stainless steel for bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ni-free 23Cr-1N stainless steel was examined as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Corrosion resistance of the 23Cr-1N stainless steel was better relative to 22Cr stainless steel in the simulated cathodic environments. As confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the polarized 22Cr and 23Cr-1N stainless steels at pH 2.3 presented predominantly chromium oxide in the outer passive layers. At pH 4.3, the passive layer of the polarized 22Cr stainless steel changed to iron oxides dominant. Interestingly, on the other hand, the polarized 23Cr-1N stainless steel preserved chromium oxide rich outer passive layer, which provides good corrosion resistance. As a result, although the initial cell voltage was slightly lower (∼40 mV), the 23Cr-1N stainless steel bipolar plates employing cell showed better cell voltage stability up to 1000 h, compared with the 22Cr stainless steel employing cell. The operation voltage became further higher through a surface modification of the 23Cr-1N stainless steel with TiN nanoparticles. It seems that the corrosion resistive Ni-free 23Cr-1N is possible to apply for bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.     

基于模糊理论的水泥厂总平面布置定量评价

为了定量评价水泥厂总平面布置方案的优劣,在模糊理论的基础上,提出了水泥厂总平面布置的综合定量评价方法。建立了水泥厂总平面布置的多层次评价指标体系,分别从工艺流程、总图布置、交通运输、场地开拓、自然条件和设施利用等六个方面表示了水泥厂总平面布置的评价指标,并确定了各层次评价指标的权重。应用该方法对南阳平煤天瑞水泥有限公司建设工程两种总平面布置方案进行了定量评价和对比分析,评价结果与实际情况完全拟合。该方法可作为水泥厂总平面布置评价的基本方法,用于今后水泥厂总平面布置的定量评价以及不同方案的比选。     

Dislocation slip and twinning in Ni-based L12 type alloys

We report theoretical results on dislocation slip and twinning in Ni₃ (Al, Ti, Ta, Hf) compositions with L1₂ crystal structures utilizing first-principles simulations. The lattice parameters of Ni₃Al, Ni₃Al_0.75Ta_0.25, Ni₃Al_0.5Ta_0.5, Ni₃Ta, Ni₃Ti and Ni₃Al_0.75Hf_0.25 are calculated, and the crystal structures with lower structural energies are determined. We established the Generalized Stacking Fault Energy (GSFE) and Generalized Planar Fault Energy (GPFE), and calculated stacking fault energies APB (anti-phase boundary) and CSF (complex stacking fault) matched other calculations and experiments. Based on the extended Peierls–Nabarro model for slip and the proposed twin nucleation model, we predict slip and twinning stress and the results show a general agreement with available experimental data. The results show that in the studied intermetallic alloys, twinning stress is lower than slip stress; Ta and Hf ternary addition are substantial to increase flow stress in Ni₃Al. The models proposed in the paper provide quantitative understanding and guidelines for selecting optimal precipitate chemistry and composition to obtain higher mechanical strength in Shape Memory Alloys.     

The effect of tool heating arrangement on fibre material forming

In this paper, a new heating arrangement has been developed for improving the performance of paperboard forming process. Problem areas of current heating methods were identified by analyzing several forming moulds used for tray production in packaging industry. This analysis was used as basis for design process of the new and more advanced mould. The new process utilizes oil to distribute heat evenly in the mould resulting in reduced process parameter adjustment during production. The versatility of the improved design manifests in less variance in outer dimension of trays and reduced volume of rejects.     

一种开放式并行数控系统研究

对开放式数控系统和并行数控系统进行了研究,提出了一种由PC机和ARM+DSP双核微处理器构成的开放式并行数控系统,给出了该系统的硬件构建方式及各部件之间的通信方法.在对该数控系统的主要计算任务进行分析的基础上,对数控系统中的计算任务进行了分配,提出了使这些任务并行的方法,使这些计算任务能在PC机和微处理器上并行运行.使用该方法能够快速构建开放的数控系统,并能充分利用闲置的计算资源,提高数控系统的功能和加工效率.     

Preparation of graphite composite bipolar plate for PEMFC

This research studied the preparation of graphite composite using liquid thermosetting plastic such as polyester resin (POE), phenolic modified alkyd resin (PhA) and mixed resin (POE with 10% PhA) as a binder. The morphology, physical, electrical and mechanical properties of the graphite composites were analyzed. The results showed that POE could combine with graphite powder (the 66% wt. saturated of graphite powder) better than PhA and mixed resin and gave higher electrical conductivity (4.52 S/cm). It was also found that epoxy resin could improve the mechanical property of composite plate. The addition of TiO₂ and ZnSt slightly decreased the electrical conductivity and the water absorption. Moreover, it was proposed that TiO₂ could improve the mechanical property. Carbon fiber can increase electrical and mechanical properties and water absorption of the composite with POE as a binder. The mixing of wet-lay mixture with graphite, carbon fiber and POE composite improved the mechanical property and decreased the water absorption.     

Review: Durability and Degradation Issues of PEM Fuel Cell Components

Besides cost reduction, durability is the most important issue to be solved before commercialisation of PEM Fuel Cells can be successful. For a fuel cell operating under constant load conditions, at a relative humidity close to 100% and at a temperature of maximum 75 °C, using optimal stack and flow design, the voltage degradation can be as low as 1–2 μV·h. However, the degradation rates can increase by orders of magnitude when conditions include some of the following, i.e. load cycling, start–stop cycles, low humidification or humidification cycling, temperatures of 90 °C or higher and fuel starvation. This review paper aims at assessing the degradation mechanisms of membranes, electrodes, bipolar plates and seals. By collecting long‐term experiments as well, the relative importance of these degradation mechanisms and the operating conditions become apparent.     

船舶应急拖带装置强度试验机的研制

设计了一种船舶应急拖带装置强度试验方法。为简化试验机结构,提出将被试导缆孔及拖缆/防擦链整体旋转30°以实现拉力平面与水平面的重合,并将强力点单独进行试验,给出了相应的试验流程。按照设计试验方法及应急拖带装置型式试验和出厂试验的要求,进行了试验机总体设计、结构件-混凝土复合式机身设计、双缸同步加载系统设计、拖缆（钢丝绳）夹持单元设计等工作,研制了由T形结构试验机基础平台及各种夹持单元组成的应急拖带装置强度试验机。利用研制的试验机进行了试验负荷为2MN的某型艉部应急拖带装置的强度试验,试验结果证明了提出的应急拖带装置强度试验方法可行,研制的试验机结构合理、可靠性好、试验精度高。