面向新世纪的城市交通方式结构选择——南京城市交通发展战略研究实践

本文结合南京城市交通发展战略研究的实践,分析了交通方式结构的主要决定因素和发展规律,并在此基础上简要介绍了南京远景交通方式结构的确定过程。     

A population based estimation of the driver protection provided by passenger cars: France 1996–2005

The technology used in cars to protect occupants is constantly developing. Demonstrating the beneficial effects in the field is complex as the most recent vehicles are generally used by drivers who differ from other drivers and who drive in different traffic conditions. This paper presents an overall estimation of the consequences of changes in the secondary safety of cars, taking account of most of these factors.The data come from information collected about injury road traffic crashes by the police in France between 1996 and 2005. The risk of the driver being killed has been evaluated for the 144,034 drivers involved in two-car crashes and for the 63,621 drivers involved in single-car crashes.The study shows that when a recent car is in collision with an older car the driver of the former is better protected than the driver of the latter. These improvements in secondary safety are not observed in the case of single-car crashes, very probably because of higher impact speeds. Our findings also confirm the need for protection systems to be better adapted to the specific characteristics of users and for an improvement in the crash compatibility of vehicles, in particular to overcome the consequences of differences between the masses of vehicles.     

Decreasing number of young licence holders and reduced number of accidents. A description of trends in Sweden

The following study compares rates of licence holders and rates of car accidents in two age cohorts born in Sweden in 1972 and 1977, respectively. The research material consists of all accidents with injury which these young people have been involved in as car drivers at age 16–21. The periods concerned are 1988–1993 and 1993–1998, respectively. In the respective periods altogether 2082 and 1453 car accidents leading to injury were recorded. The results show a lower rate of licence holders and a lower rate of car accidents in the later age cohort. Particularly the rate of fatal accidents and accidents leading to serious injury was lower. Comparing the earlier with the later age cohort, the reduction of accidents was greatest in the most densely built-up counties of Sweden and in the groups with the highest risk, namely those age and socio-economic groups who had the highest rate of fatalities and accidents leading to serious injury. Factors behind the decrease in the rates of licence holders and the rates of car accidents are discussed. Recession in the economy and less interest in car driving among young people are factors which are suggested as explanations.     

麦弗逊前悬架的刚柔耦合模型仿真及优化分析

在Adams/Car环境中建立某车麦弗逊前悬架的多刚体模型和刚柔耦合模型,分别对其进行双轮同向激振仿真,分析车轮定位参数的变化规律. 结果证明刚柔耦合模型和多刚体模型分析结果基本一致.针对车轮定位参数变化规律的不合理性,利用Adams/Insight对悬架部分硬点进行灵敏度分析并优化硬点坐标,使车轮定位参数在一定的范围内变化,改善悬架的性能.     

应用微型计算机实现气体渗碳工艺的突破

应用SJTU-560微型计算机系统同时采集CO_2,CO和CH_4红外仪的讯号,实现气相碳势的精确控制.该法有很强的适应性。甚至在直接通入煤油与空气进行渗碳的条件下也可达到很高的控制精度.籍助于非稳态最优扩散条件数学模型开发的微型计算机碳势动态控制技术,能在最短时间内获得理想的碳浓度分布,并能随机处理由于一些偶然事故引起的偏差,从而保证了渗碳的质量.     

矿用推车机及其控制系统的改进设计

推车机是用来将矿车推入或推出罐笼的操车设备，适用于矿山副井井口或井底车场。目前我国部分小型煤矿只具有简单的推车设备，罐笼内矿车的更换主要靠人工完成，不但消耗体力大、所需时间长，而且安全系数极低，极易造成人员伤亡事故，故急需采用安全性能好的推车设备；而在大中型煤矿，多使用气动或电动圆环链式推车机。受其结构的限制，这些推车机的推爪不能进人罐笼，所以当无需推人矿车但需将罐笼内矿车推出时，推爪根本接触不到矿车，故只能借助人力来完成，存在机械化程度低、工作效率低和安全性能差的缺点。基于以上现状，我们对推车机的结构和控制系统进行了改进设计。     

A Benefit/Cost/Deficit (BCD) model for learning from human errors

This paper proposes an original model for interpreting human errors, mainly violations, in terms of benefits, costs and potential deficits. This BCD model is then used as an input framework to learn from human errors, and two systems based on this model are developed: a case-based reasoning system and an artificial neural network system. These systems are used to predict a specific human car driving violation: not respecting the priority-to-the-right rule, which is a decision to remove a barrier. Both prediction systems learn from previous violation occurrences, using the BCD model and four criteria: safety, for identifying the deficit or the danger; and opportunity for action, driver comfort, and time spent; for identifying the benefits or the costs. The application of learning systems to predict car driving violations gives a rate over 80% of correct prediction after 10 iterations. These results are validated for the non-respect of priority-to-the-right rule.