The flame retardant mechanism of polyolefins modified with chalk and silicone elastomer

This paper presents the current understanding of the flame retardant mechanism of Casico?. The study includes the flame retardant effect of each individual component: ethylene–acrylate copolymer, chalk and silicone elastomer, as well as the formation of an intumescent structure during heating. The flame retardant properties were investigated by cone calorimetry and oxygen index tests. To obtain insight into the flame retardant mechanism, heat treatment under different conditions has also been performed. The results indicate that the flame retardant mechanism of Casico is complex and is related to a number of reactions, e.g. ester pyrolysis of acrylate groups, formation of carbon dioxide by reaction between carboxylic acid and chalk, ionomer formation and formation of an intumescent structure stabilized by a protecting char. Special emphasis is given to the formation of the intumescent structure and its molecular structure as evaluated from ¹³C MAS‐NMR and ²⁹Si MAS‐NMR, ESCA and XRD analysis. After treatment at 500°C the intumescent structure consists mainly of silicon oxides and calcium carbonate and after treatment at 1000°C the intumescent structure consists of calcium silicate, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adsorption of H2S or SO2 on an activated carbon cloth modified by ammonia treatment

The aim of this research is to investigate how ammonia treatment of the surface can influence the activity of a viscose-based activated carbon cloth (ACC) for the oxidative retention of H₂S and SO₂ in humid air at 25 °C. Surface basic nitrogen groups were introduced either by treatment with ammonia/air at 300 °C or with ammonia/steam at 800 °C. The pore structure of the samples so prepared was examined by adsorption measurements. Changes in the surface chemistry were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The change of ACC activity could not be merely attributed to surface nitrogen groups but to other changes in the support. Ammonia/steam treatment improved ACC performance the most, not only by introducing nitrogen surface groups, but also by extending the microporosity and by modifying the distribution of surface oxygen groups. Successive adsorption-regeneration cycles showed important differences between oxidative retention of H₂S and SO₂ and the subsequent catalyst/support regeneration process.     

纳米Fe粉的制备研究

总结了纳米Fe粉的制备方法,重点介绍了一种新的制备方法——封闭循环氢还原法。该方法以FeSO·47H2O和NaOH为原料,采用沉淀方法制备粒径为30～70nm的Fe2O3粉末,其反应条件为:反应温度50℃,反应终点pH值大于12,陈化时间1h。用封闭循环氢还原法,在400℃下还原Fe2O3得到了Fe粉。其粒径在20～50nm之间,含量为99.16%。     

提高加热炉热效率措施的探讨

对本厂常减压装置提高加热炉热效率采取的措施进行了分析和总结     

Catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with carbon dioxide: promotional effect of antimony in supported vanadium–antimony oxide catalyst

Alumina-supported vanadium oxide, VO_x/Al₂O₃, and binary vanadium–antimony oxides, VSbO_x/Al₂O₃, have been tested in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation with carbon dioxide and characterized by S_BET, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and CO₂ pulse methods. VSbO_x/Al₂O₃ exhibited enhanced catalytic activity and especially on-stream stability compared to VO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Incorporation of antimony into VO_x/Al₂O₃ increased dispersion of active VO_x species, enhanced redox properties of the systems and formed a new mixed vanadium–antimony oxide phase in the most catalytically efficient V_0.43Sb_0.57O_x/Al₂O₃ system.     

Copolymerization of bromophenylmaleimide with ethyl or butyl methacrylate

N‐p‐Bromophenylmaleimide (BrPMI) does not polymerize in solution by conventional free radical mechanism. However, it readily polymerized in bulk when mixed with a free radical initiator and heated in a microwave oven for 7–8 min. Copolymerization of ethyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate with BrPMI was conducted in dioxane. The copolymers were characterized by IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated by a non‐linear least‐square analysis. Thermal analysis indicated a great improvement in thermal stability of the copolymers compared with the methacrylate homopolymers. BrPMI was also polymerized in bulk in the DSC pan, which allowed the calculation of the activation energy of its polymerization. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

转动玻璃圆筒激光器

本文介绍了转动玻璃圆筒激光器的设计及实验结果,得到了脉冲能量为13J,重复频率为15Hz的激光输出。电光转换效率为2.2％,斜效率为3.4％。     

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Low-Temperature Sintering of Zinc Gallate Spinel Fine Particles

Nanosized powders of single-phase zinc gallate (ZnGa₂O₄) spinel were hydrothermally synthesized from solutions in the presence of NaOH over the pH range of 1.9 to 7.0 and from solutions above pH 7.0, i.e., the very basic medium (pH of 13.85), by removing the residual ZnO phase by washing with aqueous H₂SO₄ from the precipitate mixtures of zinc gallate spinel particles and ZnO. A very wide compositional range (Zn/2Ga = 0.705–1.157) of zinc gallate spinel solid solutions could be hydrothermally synthesized in the form of nanosized particles from acid and very basic mediums (pH of 2.4–13.85) in the presence of NaOH. These hydrothermally synthesized spinel powders showed good sinterability and almost full densification at 1100°C for 1 h. Dense sintered bodies consisting of single-phase zinc gallate spinel were fabricated at 1100°C using zinc gallate spinel powders having almost stoichiometric composition formed from the solution at pH 9.95 in the presence of aqueous ammonia.     

焦化加热炉空气预热器腐蚀结垢与预防

空气预热器运行的好坏直接影响到加热炉的热效率 ,文章结合焦化装置加热炉空气预热器的使用、维修、改进等 ,论述了预热器存在的露点腐蚀问题。同时提出从设计、操作、设备等方面采取有效措施 ,保障预热器的长周期高效运行。     

The influence of silicon on carbon redistribution in steel weldments

Carbon redistribution was measured in ST1/ST2 Fe-2.5Si-0.8C/Fe-0.32Si-0.49C steel weldments in the temperature range 500–1000 °C. At the temperatures where austenite exists, carbon diffuses from ST1 into ST2; when ferrite is present, the diffusion flow reverses from ST2 into ST1. This effect is attributed to the degree of the silicon influence on the graphite precipitation and carbon activity in ST1 and ST2 steels. The opposite signs of the activity gradients in austenite and ferrite cause the reversal of the carbon diffusion when the annealing temperature is changed from the austenite to the ferrite temperature region. The carbon diffusion coefficients D_C and the thermodynamic interaction coefficients ε_C^Si in austenite have been assessed from the experimental data for ST1 and ST2 steels.