林业生物质热化学转化利用研究现状

生物质是唯一可转化成常规的固态、液态和气态燃料以及其它化工原料或产品的可再生碳资源.随着化石能源的枯竭和人类对全球性环境问题的关注,生物质资源以其可再生、资源丰富、分布广泛、CO₂零排放等优点日益成为国内外众多学者研究的热点.热化学高效转化利用技术的研究是生物质能源开发利用的最主要途径.作者对近年来国内外生物质热化学转化技术的最近研究进展进行综述,从我国实际情况出发,对生物质能源热化学转化的发展趋势进行预测,提出我国生物质能源研究开发利用的发展前景和建议.     

Texaco煤气化装置长周期运行影响因素分析

介绍了Texaco煤气化工艺流程,从原料煤种、水煤浆浓度、操作工艺、关键设备等几个方面讨论了影响装置长周期运行的因素,提出了延长气化装置运行周期的措施。     

新型多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术工业化应用

煤气化技术是实现煤炭洁净利用的关键。介绍了新型多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉流场、煤气化机理及其工业化应用概况。通过工业化运行结果表明:该装置气化效率高,交叉流式洗涤冷却水分布器的水均布,气化炉运转平稳,负荷可调节范围大,洗涤、冷却性能好,该技术打破了国外对水煤浆气化技术的垄断。     

Fate of the chlorine and fluorine in a sub-bituminous coal during pyrolysis and gasification

The fate of the chlorine and fluorine present in a sub-bituminous coal from Indonesia during pyrolysis and gasification has been studied with fixed and entrained bed reactors. The rate profile for HCl evolved in the temperature programmed pyrolysis exhibits the main and shoulder peaks at 480 and 600 °C, respectively. Model experiments and subsequent Cl 2p XPS measurements show that HCl reacts with metal impurities and carbon active sites at 500 °C to be retained as inorganic and organic chlorine forms, from which HCl evolves again at elevated temperatures. It is suggested that the HCl observed in the coal pyrolysis may originate from the above-mentioned chlorine functionalities formed by secondary reactions involving the nascent char. In the CO₂ gasification of the 900 °C char at 1000 °C and 2.5 MPa, any measurable amounts of HCl and HF could not be detected even at a high conversion of 75 wt% (daf), suggesting the accumulation of these halogens in the residual char. When the coal is injected into an O₂-blown, entrained bed gasifier at 1200-1400 °C under 2.6 MPa, the partial oxidation proceeds to a larger extent at a higher O₂/coal ratio, whereas the chlorine and fluorine are enriched in the remaining char, and the extent of the enrichment at the latter stage of gasification is larger with the fluorine. The XPS measurements of the chars reveal the presence of the broad F 1 s peak, which can cover a wide range of binding energies attributable to inorganic and organic fluorine. The halogen enrichment during gasification is discussed in terms of secondary reactions of HCl and HF with char.     

Catalysis of gasification of coal-derived cokes and chars

Calcium is the most important in-situ catalyst for gasification of US coal chars in O₂, CO₂ and H₂O. It is a poor catalyst for gasification of chars by H₂. Potassium and sodium added to low-rank coals by ion exchange and high-rank coals by impregnation are excellent catalysts for char gasification in O₂, CO₂ and H₂O. Carbon monoxide inhibits catalysis of the CH₂O reaction by calcium, potassium and sodium; H₂ inhibits catalysis by calcium. Thus injection of synthesis gas into the gasifier will inhibit the CH₂O reaction. Iron is not an important catalyst for the gasification of chars in O₂, CO₂ and H₂O, because it is invariably in the oxidized state. Carbon monoxide disproportionates to deposit carbon from a dry synthesis gas mixture (3 vol H₂ + 1 vol CO) over potassium-, sodium- and iron-loaded lignite char and a raw bituminous coal char, high in pyrite, at 1123 K and 0.1 MPa pressure. The carbon is highly reactive, with the injection of 2.7 kPa H₂O to the synthesis gas resulting in net carbon gasification. The effect of traces of sulphur in the gas stream on catalysis of gasification or carbon-forming reactions by calcium, potassium, or sodium is not well understood at present. Traces of sulphur do, however, inhibit catalysis by iron.     

合成气制备工艺研究进展及其利用技术

讨论了以天然气为原料制备合成气的甲烷蒸汽转化、非催化部分氧化、催化部分氧化和甲烷自热转化工艺的特点。分析了流化床、气流床和移动床煤气化工艺优缺点和煤气化工艺的发展趋势。在此基础上介绍了天然气-煤共气化原理及其新工艺,该工艺可直接生产H2/CO体积比在1～2之间可调的合成气。讨论了应用合成气生产甲醇、二甲醚、液体燃料工艺和联合发电技术,并指出天然气-煤共气化工艺是一项值得开发的合成气制备技术。     

应用炉膛压力诊断气流床气化炉的火焰状态

气化炉是煤气化技术中的关键设备 .气化炉内火焰燃烧稳定性下降 ,会出现燃烧噪音增加、气化燃烧效率降低及熄火等现象 ,对安全性和经济性产生严重的影响 .对气流床气化炉内不同气化燃烧状态下的火焰压力信号进行了小波分析 .结果表明 ,压力信号在一定频段内的分布与气化炉内火焰燃烧的状态密切相关 ,发现随着火焰燃烧稳定性加强 ,气化炉内压力信号向高频方向移动 ,以此可以建立气流床气化炉燃烧诊断模型 .     

Texaco与Shell煤气化工艺比较分析

煤气化技术对于促进煤炭的综合利用、改善当前资源紧缺状况,并减少环境污染具有重要的意义。阐述了Texaco和Shell煤气化的工艺流程,并对2种煤气化工艺进行了比较分析,找出各自的优缺点,为煤气化工艺的选择提供参考。     

Pyrolysis of peat: Product yield and characterization

Pyrolysis of peat obtained from Yeniça?a, Bolu, Turkey was conducted in a fixed-bed tube furnace under various conditions, and variations in the structure of the char, tar and gas products were examined. The chars produced were studied by proximate and ultimate analyses. The maximum tar yield of 20.41% was obtained at a heating rate of 20 °C/min, a temperature of 450 °C, a sweeping gas flow rate of 100 ml/min and a 0.5–2.0 mm size range. The chemical composition of the tar was examined by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and column chromatography. The chemical composition of the tar with dense aliphatic structure was established to be CH_1.22O_0.25N_0.02. The composition of the gases obtained at a heating rate of 20 °C/min for the 0.5–2.0 mm size range was examined by gas chromatography.     

高温下煤焦气化反应特性(Ⅰ)灰分熔融对煤焦气化反应的影响

在900～1500℃灰分的熔融温度范围内和常压下,研究了煤焦与二氧化碳的气化反应。实验研究发现,活化能随气化过程而变化,除反应初期外,气化反应严重受内扩散过程的影响。高温下的煤焦气化存在一个特性温度,在该温度下,反应中、后期气化速率显著降低,其影响范围在特性温度上下约200～300℃。特性温度与煤种及灰分性质等因素有关,一般低于其相应灰分的软化点温度。