Effect of acute exposure to cadmium on zinc,copper and lead contents of hard and soft tissues of rats

Eleven groups of Wistar rats were given 5 ppm cadmium acetate in the drinking water at different and interrupted periods of their life (in utero, during sucking etc.), simulating acute exposure. The Zn, Cu and Pb levels of indicators (teeth and hair) and target organs (soft tissues and bone) were recorded by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was concluded that acute exposure to Cd has a somewhat different effect on Zn, Cu and Pb storage in the tissues than chronic exposure. It was further inferred that the effects on Zn, Cu and Pb cannot be used as diagnostic criteria in population screenings at very low doses of Cd.     

铜铁试剂—示波计时电位法测天然水/饮用水中的铝含量

铜铁试剂(CUP)—示波计时电位法直接测定天然水和饮用水中的铝含量。在0.5 mol/L(NH_4)_2SO_4-NH_3·H_2O(pH值=5.4)缓冲溶液中,加入铝后,铝—CUP配合物切口电位为-1.20V,切口深度在7.2×10~(-7)～3.2×10~(-5)mol/LAl范围内有线性关系,检测下限为5.8×10~(-7)mol/L。在2.0×10~(-5)mol/L时相对标准偏差为5.1(n=10)。应用该法测定了天然水和饮用水中铝含量,并同ICP/AES所获结果进行了对照。结果基本一致。     

Nitrogen use efficiency by maize as affected by a mucuna short fallow and P application in the coastal savanna of West Africa

Maize is the primary food crop grown by farmers in the coastal savanna region of Togo and Benin on degraded (rhodic ferralsols), low in soil K-supplying capacity, and non-degraded (plinthic acrisols) soils. Agronomic trials were conducted during 1999–2002 in southern Togo on both soil types to investigate the impact of N and P fertilization and the introduction of a mucuna short fallow (MSF) on yield, indigenous N supply of the soil, N recovery fraction and internal efficiency of maize. In all plots, an annual basal dose of 100 kg K ha^–1 was applied to the maize crop. Maize and mucuna crop residues were incorporated into the soil during land preparation. Treatment yields were primarily below 80% of CERES-MAIZE simulated weather-defined maize yield potentials, indicating that nutrients were more limiting than weather conditions. On degraded soil (DS), maize yields increased from 0.4 t ha^–1 to 2.8 t ha^–1 from 1999 to 2001, without N or P application, in the absence of MSF, with annual K application and incorporation of maize crop residues. Application of N and P mineral fertilizer resulted in yield gains of 1–1.5 t ha^–1. With MSF, additional yield gains of between 0.5 and 1.0 t ha^–1 were obtained at low N application rates. N supply of the soil increased from 10 to 42 kg ha^–1 from 1999 to 2001 and to 58 kg N ha^–1 with MSF. Application of P resulted in significant improvements in N recovery fraction, and greatest gains were obtained with MSF and P application. MSF did not significantly affect internal N efficiency, which averaged 45 kg grain (kg N uptake)^–1. On non-degraded soils (NDS) and without N or P application, in the absence of MSF, maize yields were about 3 t ha^–1 from 1999 to 2001, with N supply of the soil ranging from 55 to 110 kg N ha^–1. Application of 40 kg P ha^–1 alone resulted in significant maize yield gains of between 1.0 (1999) and 1.5 (2001) t ha^–1. Inclusion of MSF did not significantly improve maize yields and even reduced N recovery fraction as determined in the third cropping year (2001). Results illustrate the importance of site-specific integrated soil fertility management recommendations for the southern regions of Togo and Benin that consider indigenous soil nutrient-supplying capacity and yield potential. On DS, the main nutrients limiting maize growth were N and probably K. On NDS, nutrients limiting growth were mainly N and P. Even on DS rapid gains in productivity can be obtained, with MSF serving as a means to allow farmers with limited financial means to restore the fertility of such soils. MSF cannot be recommended on relatively fertile NDS.     

葡萄花油田注入水杀菌剂的筛选及应用效果

介绍了葡萄花油田注入水杀菌剂的室内筛选实验，对杀菌剂与各水质处理站注入水的配伍性及杀菌效果进行筛选，有效提高葡萄花油田注水水质，防止管道堵塞、腐蚀，提高注水量，保证油田的连续生产。     

城市区域辐射与沿海经济低谷崛起

城市对区域经济发展影响较大。通过对沿海省会城市与周围地市以及上海与周围地市联系强度分析发现,欠发达地区与发达地区差别较大。加快欠发达地区城市化发展进程是促进其经济快速崛起的重要举措。     

Anthropogenic nutrient sources and loads from a Mediterranean catchment into a coastal lagoon: Mar Menor, Spain

The Mar Menor is a coastal lagoon increasingly threatened by urban and agricultural pressures. The main watercourse draining into the lagoon is the Rambla del Albujón. A fortnightly campaign carried out over one annual cycle enabled us to characterize the treated urban sewage effluents and agricultural sources which contribute to the nutrient fluxes in the watercourse. Multivariate analysis provided information for establishing chemical signatures and for assessing the relative influence of the various sources on the water quality at the outlet. Mass balances were used to examine net gains and losses, and cross-correlations with rainfall to analyze climatic influence and control factors in the trends of the nutrient flux. The rainfall pattern was significantly cross-correlated with nitrate and phosphorus fluxes from agricultural sources, while fluctuations in the resident population explained the phosphorus flux trend in urban sources. 50% of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was from agricultural sources, while 70% of total phosphate and 91% of total organic carbon were from urban point sources. The net amounts of all the nutrients fell as a result of plant uptake and/or denitrification in the channel. The control of urban point sources (phosphorus-enriched) is suggested as a promptly action for improving the health of the coastal lagoon.     

Composition of a protein-like fluorophore of dissolved organic matter in coastal wetland and estuarine ecosystems

This study demonstrates the compositional heterogeneity of a protein-like fluorescence emission signal (T-peak; excitation/emission maximum at 280/325 nm) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples collected from subtropical river and estuarine environments. Natural water samples were collected from the Florida Coastal Everglades ecosystem. The samples were ultrafiltered and excitation-emission fluorescence matrices were obtained. The T-peak intensity correlated positively with N concentration of the ultrafiltered DOM solution (UDON), although, the low correlation coefficient (r(2)=0.140, p<0.05) suggested the coexistence of proteins with other classes of compounds in the T-peak. As such, the T-peak was unbundled on size exclusion chromatography. The elution curves showed that the T-peak was composed of two compounds with distinct molecular weights (MW) with nominal MWs of about >5 x 10(4) (T(1)) and approximately 7.6 x 10(3) (T(2)) and with varying relative abundance among samples. The T(1)-peak intensity correlated strongly with [UDON] (r(2)=0.516, p<0.001), while T(2)-peak did not, which suggested that the T-peak is composed of a mixture of compounds with different chemical structures and ecological roles, namely proteinaceous materials and presumably phenolic moieties in humic-like substances. Natural source of the latter may include polyphenols leached from senescent plant materials, which are important precursors of humic substances. This idea is supported by the fact that polyphenols, such as gallic acid, an important constituent of hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins extracted from red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) leaves exhibited the fluorescence peak in the close vicinity of the T-peak (260/346 and 275/313 nm, respectively). Based on this study the application of the T-peak as a proxy for [DON] in natural waters may have limitations in coastal zones with significant terrestrial DOM input.     

浙江沿海地区新农村住房设计研究初探——以台州玉环县为例

该文通过对台州玉环县新农村住房设计进行总结,归纳了目前浙江沿海地区新农村住房设计的特点和形成的制约条件,并探讨了如何针对这些制约条件有效的展开住房设计,总结了一套研究方法,最后结合这次住房设计实践提出了一些关于新农村住房设计的思考。     

Past and future trends in nutrients export by rivers to the coastal waters of China

We analyzed the past and future trends in river export of dissolved and particulate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) to the coastal waters of China, for sixteen rivers, as calculated by the Global NEWS models (Nutrient Export from WaterSheds). Between 1970 and 2000, the dissolved N and P export increased significantly, while export of other nutrients changed less. We analyzed the future trends (2000-2050) for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) scenarios. In general, the largest increases of dissolved nutrients export are projected for the Global Orchestration scenario, assuming a globalized world and a reactive approach toward environmental management. Future trends in river export of nutrients vary largely among basins, nutrient forms and scenarios. We calculate both increasing and decreasing trends between 2000 and 2050. We also identify the sources contributing to the nutrient export. For selected river basins we present results for alternative scenarios, which are based on the Global Orchestration scenario, but assume more environmental management. This illustrates how the NEWS models can be useful in regional analyses for decision making.     

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖水体中石油烃安全限量的研究

石油烃污染是影响双壳贝类食用安全的重要因素。文中以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为研究对象,采用半静态动力学富集实验探讨了双壳贝类对养殖水体中石油烃的富集规律。结果表明,经过4 d,石油烃在贝体和水环境之间达到稳态平衡;生物富集系数(BCF)为545;石油烃浓度为0.068 mg/L的水体组,富集平衡后贝体内的石油烃含量高于菲律宾蛤仔的石油烃异味阈值(25~30 mg/kg),其它水体组则相反。参考USEP-A、GB18421-2001等关于双壳贝类中石油烃安全限量的规定,经讨论贝体内石油多环芳烃的毒力代谢机理后,判定菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中石油烃的安全限量定为0.05 mg/L较为合理。