基于物联网技术下的数字化油气田设计与实现

数字化油气田建设是我国油气企业发展的方向,本文介绍了一种基于物联网数字化油气田系统,通过传感器、射频识别（RFID）、通信网络、云计算等新技术建立一套覆盖油气生产、处理等全过程的物联网系统,实现生产数据自动采集、关键流程连锁控制,工艺流程可视化展示、生产过程实时监测的综合信息平台,实现人与物理系统的“智能”整合,实现工业化与信息化的融合。     

Rapid pyrolysis of brown coal and oil shale

A brown coal, peat and oil shale were subjected to a rapid pyrolysis process and medium-heat-value gases together with tar were collected. The char residue was of high activity and suitable for gasification to create a two-stage gasification system. The coal-tar is used for manufacturing liquid fuels and chemicals.     

Heavy metals contribution of non-aqueous fluids used in offshore oil drilling

A monitoring program was performed to investigate heavy metal content alteration due to exploratory drilling for oil using non-aqueous fluids (NAFs) in Brazilian offshore, 900 m deep. Fourteen elements were monitored in 54 sites and it was verified that after drilling activities the average Ba concentration was remarkably increased with respect to background level, even 1 year after the activity. A minor increase in Mn and a moderate increase in Al concentrations were verified. The Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Co, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn concentrations were at the background levels, ca. 1 year after the NAFs drilling materials deposition on the seafloor. The Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn mean concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05) between the three sampling operations (cruises) performed, while As, Cd, Fe and Pb presented different mean values according to the distance of the oil well, independent of the sampling operation. Interaction between sampling operation and distance was observed for Mn. In all sediment samples the Hg concentration was below the detection limit (0.07 μg g⁻¹).     

利用煤层气发展山西合成油工业探讨

介绍了国外利用天然气生产油口的生产工艺，探讨了山西省利用丰富的煤层气资源发展合成油的可能性和优势，并提出了相应的发展建议。     

Adsorption isotherms of sesame oil in a concentrated miscella system

The adsorption of peroxides, unsaturated carbonyls, free fatty acids and carotenoids from unrefined sesame oil on vegetable carbon (5%, w/w) in a miscella system was studied. Three different solvent conditions (hexane/ethanol, 100:0, 95:5 and 75:25, vol/vol), combined in a factorial design with five levels of solvent (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%, w/w), were used to develop the miscella. Equilibrium adsorption was not achieved during the 100 min of adsorption, mainly because the oil components were involved in oxidation reactions during the adsorption process. However, for a given solvent concentration, adsorption of the oil components showed a significant linear regression on their respective initial concentration in the miscella (C_i). Peroxides and carbonyls showed, at all solvent levels investigated, an affinity for the carbon more independent of their C_i than free fatty acids and carotenoids. In general, at the same C_i, a higher adsorption was achieved as solvent concentration increased. The results indicated that free fatty acid adsorption may depend on competitive adsorption based on molecule hydrophobicity. However, in spite of the higher hydrophobicity of carotenoids, compared with free fatty acids, they might not be competing for the same adsorbing sites. Ethanol showed a prooxidant effect that increased peroxide production during adsorption but did not affect the reaction involved in carbonyl production.     

Gasification kinetics of oil sands coke

Kinetics of steam gasification of delayed and fluid cokes derived from Athabasca bitumen have been studied in 6.35 cm diameter stirred and fixed bed reactors. Experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 800°C and 930°C. The coke particle size ranged from 0.1 to 3.5 mm, and the steam partial pressure was varied from 15.2 to 60.6 kPa. Scanning electron microscopy, surface area analysis, and mercury porosimetry were employed to relate physical structure changes in the solids to experimental kinetic data. Several kinetic models for gasification were tested with the experimental gasification data. Rate expressions are presented for carbon conversion and for the release of sulphur.     

Kinetics of the decomposition of total aliphatic waxes in olive oil during deodorization

Changes in the content of aliphatic waxes during industrial deodorization and/or physical refining of bleached olive oil were studied in an experimental discontinuous pilot plant of 250 kg deodorizer using nitrogen as stripping gas in place of steam. The kinetic constants for the decomposition of waxes during the deodorization process were determined. The reaction orders studied are zero (or can be considered zero) within the working interval. The values of rate constants, activation energy, frequency factor, increment of activation Gibbs free energy, activation enthalpy, and activation entropy are established.     

Phase transitions of canola oil sediment

Canola sediment was obtained from an industrial filter cake by solvent extraction. When heated in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (5–100°C), the sediment exhibited a single narrow melting peak at around 74.8°C. No solid-state polymorphic transformation of the material could be detected over this temperature range. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of canola sediment resembled waxes from other sources with an orthorhombic unit cell. The phase transition behavior of canola sediment in oil was studied by both DSC and polarizing microscopy. With increasing ratio of oil/sediment, a reduction in both melting temperature and transition enthalpy was observed. The shape of the supercooling curve resembled that of the melting curve. The induction time was determined by spectrophotometry and was used to calculate the interfacial free energyσ between sediment and oil; σ=4.71 erg/cm². The effect of temperature and sediment concentration on the clouding time of canola oil was studied; the clouding time was the shortest at 5°C.     

催化裂解废旧不饱和聚酯树脂新技术

对不饱和聚酯树脂 (UPR)废料裂解制原料油技术进行了研究 ,系统地考察了催化裂解反应工艺条件。试验结果表明 ,催化裂解所需反应温度为 40 0～ 45 0℃ ,反应时间为 70～ 80min ;剂油比 1∶5 ;试验对 4种催化剂的催化性能进行了评价 ,研究表明单独使用YB -2催化剂 ,液相产品收率为 5 8.2 2%～ 5 9.1 4% ;YB -1和YB -2混合使用 ,最高液相产品收率为 68.76%。     

Oil supply between OPEC and non-OPEC based on game theory

The competing strategies between OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC producers make the oil supply market a complex system, and thus, it is very difficult to model and to make predictions. In this paper, we combine the macro-model based on game theory and micro-model to propose a new approach for forecasting oil supply. We take into account the microscopic behaviour in the clearing market and also use the game relationships to adjust oil supplies in our approach. For the supply model, we analyse and consider the different behaviour of non-OPEC and OPEC producers. According to our analysis, limiting the oil supply, and thus maintaining oil price, is the best strategy for OPEC in the low-price scenario, while the rising supply is the best strategy in the high-price scenario. No matter what the oil price is, the dominant strategy for non-OPEC producers is to increase their oil supply. In the high-price scenario, OPEC will try to deplete non-OPEC’s share in the oil supply market, which is to OPEC’s advantage.