Pb_n微团簇(n=20～30)及铅晶体表面过程的计算机模拟

基于Murrell等提出的有效正体加三体展开势能函数对铅微团簇Pbn (n =2～ 3 0 )的结构及面心立方晶体铅的表面行为进行了计算机模拟。发现Pbn 微团簇的结构衍生规律为 :依次增加一个三配位的表面原子 ,分子表面为三元环所覆盖 ,整个分子为畸变的四面体的密堆积 ;f (c)铅晶体的表面层原子间内压缩最为严重 (最大达 8% ) ,从第三层开始层间距的伸缩率已经很小 ( <1 % )。     

U型槽质量问题的成因及控制措施

本文介绍了U型槽外压强度的检验方法。根据江西省U型槽的实际情况,从原材料、配合比、成型控制、养护、断面尺寸等几个方面分析了U型槽外压强度不合格的原因,并提出了相应的控制措施。     

砼管桩灌注机控制系统设计

介绍了预制砼管桩灌注机的工作过程和控制要求。给出了基于S7-200 PLC和AE80THTD触摸屏的控制系统。对控制系统的硬件组成、I/O配置、软件工作流程和控制功能图做了较详细的阐述。实际运行表明,控制系统具有制造、安装、调试方便,操作简单,运行稳定、可靠等特点。     

Effects and interactions of temperature and stress-level related damage on permeability of concrete

The objective of this study is to investigate damage-temperature-stress level-permeability interactions in structural concrete. The tests are performed on hollow cylindrical concrete specimens, subjected to compressive loading and temperature up to 150 °C. The results emphasize that at stress levels lower than 80% of the peak stress, the variation of permeability is small and it is slightly influenced by the stress. As a matter of fact, the permeability under load is smaller than the permeability measured after unloading. As the load exceeds 80% of the peak stress, micro-cracking increases rapidly, causing an increase of the permeability and a greater sensitivity to the applied load, i.e. a noticeable difference between the permeability measured under load and after unloading, the first becoming greater than the latter. In the post-peak phase the increase of permeability is much larger due to significant crack width growth. The increase of permeability with the applied load seems to be greater with temperature, inducing further alterations of concrete and dilation of the porous structure of the material. Finally, the experimental results seem to agree with the format of coupled evolution of the permeability due to damage and temperature assumed by Gawin et al. [D. Gawin, C.E. Majorana, B.A. Schrefler, Numerical analysis of hygro-thermal behaviour and damage of concrete at high temperature, Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials 4 (1999) 37-74.].     

Round-Robin Test on methods for determining chloride transport parameters in concrete

This paper presents the results of a Round-Robin Test on methods for determining chloride transport parameters in concrete, carried out by the Technical Committee TC 178-TMC: “Testing and Modelling Chloride Penetration in Concrete” in which 27 different laboratories around the world have participated, using 13 different methods, in triplicate specimens, for 4 different mixes of concrete cast with different binders. Four different groups of methods have been tested: Natural diffusion methods (D), Migration methods (M), Resistivity methods (R) and Colourimetric methods (C). The statistical treatment of the data has been carried out according to the International Standard ISO 5725-2:1994 for the determination of the accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results. Part 2: Basic method for the determination of the repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. In order to make an evaluation of these methods, four indicators have been identified and within each of them, several sub-indicators have been assigned. According to this system of classification, the methods have been classified following each indicator (trueness, precision, relevance and convenience), and also globally, by assigning different factors of importance, F.I., to the different indicators.     

Effect of fiber orientation on the structural behavior of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders

In this study, 27 concrete cylinders with a diameter of 152.4 and a height of 304.8 mm were prepared. Among them, 18 cylinders were wrapped using two layers of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) with six fiber orientations; six cylinders were wrapped using four layers of FRP with fibers in axial or hoop direction only; the remaining three cylinders were used as control. The FRP used was E-glass fiber reinforced ultraviolet (UV) curing vinyl ester. Fifteen coupon specimens were prepared to experimentally determine the tensile strength of the FRP with fibers oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° from the loading direction. Co-axial compression tests were conducted on the wrapped cylinders and control cylinders. The test results were compared with existing confinement models. It is found that the strength, ductility, and failure mode of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders depend on the fiber orientation and wall thickness. Fibers oriented at a certain angle in between the hoop direction and axial direction may result in strength lower than fibers along hoop or axial direction. A larger database is desired in order to refine the existing design-oriented confinement models.     

Numerical analysis of multilayered CFRP retrofitted RC beams with partial interaction

This paper presents a theoretical model to simulate the behaviour of RC beams strengthened with multilayered CFRP matrix allowing for inter-layer slip. An element of the composite beam is assumed to be subjected to a system of forces that satisfy equilibrium and compatibility of deformations. The inter-layer slip is allowed for by relating the differential strain at the interfaces between the CFRP layers and the concrete to the longitudinal shear flow at the corresponding interface through the shear stiffness of the adhesive layer. The basic differential equations are derived in terms of displacement variables and solved numerically using finite differences. The results of the numerical simulation included slip values along the interfaces, maximum slip values, stresses and strains and deflections. The results compare reasonably well with experimental findings.     

Fracture mechanics of air-entrained concrete subjected to compression

Air voids are entrained in concrete for protection of constructed elements, especially highway pavements, against freeze-thaw damage. Entrained air void systems inadvertently reduce the compressive strength of the concrete. The present study describes development of an analytical model for evaluation of the effects of entrained air void system on the compressive strength of concrete. The model developed here will assist in predicting the compressive strength of concrete for specified mix designs. The constitutive relationships for air-entrained concrete were established by considering a micro cracked porous material with randomly distributed circular air voids and uniformly oriented cracks from the air voids. Linear elastic fracture mechanics was employed to explain the evolution of damage due to the individual voids and cracks that emanate from such voids. The damage model considers the interactions among the voids and cracks during various stages of loading. The analytical results from this study were evaluated through an experimental program for comparison of the computed and measured compressive strengths. A wide range of samples were examined that included concretes with air contents ranging from 2% to 13% air by volume of concrete. The experiments involved microscopic determination of air content and spacing factors as well as compressive strength tests for all the concrete samples.     

Microplane Model M5 with Kinematic and Static Constraints for Concrete Fracture and Anelasticity. I: Theory

Presented is a new microplane model for concrete, labeled M5, which improves the representation of tensile cohesive fracture by eliminating spurious excessive lateral strains and stress locking for far postpeak tensile strains. To achieve improvement, a kinematically constrained microplane system simulating hardening nonlinear behavior (nearly identical to previous Model M4 stripped of tensile softening) is coupled in series with a statically constrained microplane system simulating solely the cohesive tensile fracture. This coupling is made possible by developing a new iterative algorithm and by proving the conditions of its convergence. The special aspect of this algorithm (contrasting with the classical return mapping algorithm for hardening plasticity) is that the cohesive softening stiffness matrix (which is not positive definite) is used as the predictor and the hardening stiffness matrix as the corrector. The softening cohesive stiffness for fracturing is related to the fracture energy of concrete and the effective crack spacing. The postpeak softening slopes on the microplanes can be adjusted according to the element size in the sense of the crack band model. Finally, an incremental thermodynamic potential for the coupling of statically and kinematically constrained microplane systems is formulated. The data fitting and experimental calibration for tensile strain softening are relegated to a subsequent paper in this issue, while all the nonlinear triaxial response in compression remains the same as for Model M4.     

Behavior of Composite Unreinforced Masonry–Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wall Assemblages Under In-Plane Loading

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the in-plane behavior of face shell mortar bedded unreinforced masonry (URM) wall assemblages retrofitted with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates. Forty-two URM assemblages were tested under different stress conditions present in masonry shear and infill walls. Tests included prisms loaded in compression with different bed joint orientation (on/off-axis compression), diagonal tension specimens, and specimens loaded under joint shear. The behavior of each specimen type is discussed with emphasis on modes of failure, strength and deformation characteristics. Results showed that the application of FRP laminates on URM has a great influence on strength, postpeak behavior, as well as altering failure modes and maintaining the specimen integrity. The retrofitted specimens reached compressive strength of 1.62–5.64 times that of their unretrofitted counterparts, depending on the bed joint orientation, and joint shear strength increased by eightfold.