Insight into excess pore pressure generation leading to liquefaction of sand with stress history under saturated and unsaturated conditions

Assessments of the liquefaction resistance of clean sand still involve considerable uncertainties, which are a current research topic in the field of soil liquefaction. The factors considered and discussed in this study include the loading history, degree of saturation, and partial drainage. The effects of each of these factors on pore pressure generation and liquefaction resistance have been studied for decades in the laboratory, and empirical relationships have been derived. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain these effects using the unique index of volumetric strain. A pore pressure generation model is developed which is similar to that of Martin et al. (1975), but based on stress-controlled triaxial tests. The model is verified through comparisons of its results with those of laboratory tests. It is confirmed that the plastic volumetric strain that has accumulated in sand, either by drained or undrained cyclic loading, dominates the increase in the liquefaction resistance of the sand. However, the plastic volumetric strain caused by overconsolidation is less effective in reducing the volumetric strain potential for subsequent cyclic shearing, thus enhancing its resistance to liquefaction. The model provides a better understanding of the physical processes leading to the liquefaction of saturated and unsaturated sand with and without stress history.     

Cyclic resistance of fly ash influenced by anisotropic stress condition,sand contents,and gravel content

A series of cyclic triaxial tests were performed to study the effect of anisotropic stress, sand content (in a fly ash-sand mixture), and addition of gravel on the cyclic resistance of fly ash. The results indicated that the failure mode of pure fly ash in the presence of isotropic stress was cyclic mobility and that the cyclic resistance of pure fly ash was significantly lower than that of clean Nakdong River sand for given test conditions. The cyclic resistance of pure fly ash decreased when the effective confining stress increased from 100 to 200 kPa, as expected. The failure of pure fly ash conducted in the absence of stress reversal was due to the initial axial strain accumulation and subsequent sudden runaway deformation, and this failure mode differed dramatically from that of fly ash conducted under symmetrical stress reversal. An increase in the anisotropic ratio resulted in a decrease in the cyclic resistance of pure fly ash. Nakdong River sand and gravels were added to pure fly ash and it was examined whether the cyclic resistance of fly ash increased. Addition of sand was observed to decrease the cyclic resistance for 10% and 20% sand content by volume, regardless of the amount of increase in the dry density of the samples. Furthermore, the cyclic resistance of fly ash-gravel mixtures was greater than that of pure fly ash by approximately 17%.     

Does remediation save lives? — On the cost of cleaning up arsenic-contaminated sites in Sweden

Sweden has only just begun remediation of its many contaminated sites, a process that will cost an estimated SEK 60,000 million (USD 9100 million). Although the risk assessment method, carried out by the Swedish EPA, is driven by health effects, it does not consider actual exposure. Instead, the sites are assessed based on divergence from guideline values. This paper uses an environmental medicine approach that takes exposure into account to analyse how cancer risks on and near arsenic-contaminated sites are implicitly valued in the remediation process. The results show that the level of ambition is high. At 23 contaminated sites, the cost per life saved varies from SEK 287 million to SEK 1,835,000 million, despite conservative calculations that in fact probably underestimate the costs. It is concluded that if environmental health risks are to be reduced, there are probably other areas where economic resources can be used more cost-effectively.     

成品油顺序输送管道变径管混油数值模拟

在成品油顺序输送管道中,相邻批次油品间会产生混油,影响混油的因素繁多,针对其中之一的变径管进行了混油的数值模拟,希望能够为混油的计算、监测和切割处理提供依据和帮助。     

Prediction of the Brisance of Energetic Materials

The brisance parameter can be used to show the shattering power of an energetic compound and the speed to reach its peak pressure. It determines the effectiveness with which an explosive can fragment a shell. Nowadays, the sand test or sand crushing test is the preferred method for brisance measurements but there is no reliable method for the prediction of the brisance parameter. In this paper, a method for the prediction of the brisance through sand test for pure and mixed energetic materials as well as aluminized explosives is reported. It is based on the molecular structure of the desired compound and once the conclusion is established any experimental data is redundant. The calculated brisance relative to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (=100) shows good agreement with the measured values.     

Ultra Low-Dose Radiation: Stress Responses and Impacts Using Rice as a Grass Model

We report molecular changes in leaves of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. - reference crop plant and grass model) exposed to ultra low-dose ionizing radiation, first using contaminated soil from the exclusion zone around Chernobyl reactor site. Results revealed induction of stress-related marker genes (Northern blot) and secondary metabolites (LC-MS/MS) in irradiated leaf segments over appropriate control. Second, employing the same in vitro model system, we replicated results of the first experiment using in-house fabricated sources of ultra low-dose gamma (γ) rays and selected marker genes by RT-PCR. Results suggest the usefulness of the rice model in studying ultra low-dose radiation response/s.     

铁型覆砂球墨铸铁件凝固模拟及收缩缺陷预测

建立了铁型覆砂铸造凝固过程模拟的数学模型.采用动态膨胀收缩法(DECAM)和K*G/R判据预测球墨铸铁件的收缩缺陷,对球墨铸铁四缸曲轴新产品进行了模拟计算,根据模拟结果对原有工艺方案进行了改进,并在实际生产中得到了合格的铸件.结果表明,对铁型覆砂球墨铸铁件进行数值模拟和工艺优化,有助于提高铸件质量,缩短试制周期,降低工装费用.     

固定化微生物应用于生物修复石油污染土壤

 从石油污染土样中筛选和纯化了2株降解石油污染物的高效微生物菌株H和F，以它们为生物活性物质，采用生物大分子仿生合成出的纳米多孔SiO₂为载体，通过表面吸附固定化方法将其固定，制备出固定化微生物。将固定化微生物应用于含有石油污染物土壤的生物修复。结果表明，该固定化微生物对石油污染物50h一次降解率高达96.2%；通过8次的反复实验，50h的原油降解效果保持在85%以上。     

Pretreatment of Steel Racetracks by Using a Sand-Blasting Technique with a Special Emphasis on Si3N4 Powder—Part Three

Additional rolling fatigue experiments as well as pure sliding, bending, and scratching tests of the Si₃ N ₄ sand-blasted steel surface have been carried out. Acquired results reconfirm the extraordinary tenacity of the self-attaching Si₃ N ₄ surface layer in terms of both anti-fatigue and antiwear characteristics, especially in the “hybrid” ball bearing. It appears that this Si₃ N ₄ sand layer can be identified as a complex, self-organizing, and adaptive system.