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41.
The photoconductive properties of a carotenoid polyene,β-Apo-8′ carotenal in polycrystalline form has been studied. The growth of the photocurrent shows an overshoot in the growth-time
curve before steady state value is attained. This behaviour of photocurrent is proposed to be due to higher value of recombination
coefficient than trapping coefficient. From the temperature dependence study it is observed that the steady state photocurrent,
at first increases with increase of temperature, attains a maximum at a particular temperatureT
max and then decreases with temperature. TheT
max value agrees with the temperature above and below which steady state photocurrent is attained differently. Monomolecular
and bimolecular recombination processes at two temperature regimes are proposed to account for the observed behaviour. The
dependence of photocurrent with excitation light intensity and wavelength study provide information on the carrier generation
processes. The fast decay of photocurrent have been observed at different temperatures and from this study the decay constant
is calculated and it is found to be temperature independent. 相似文献
42.
Transport properties of 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. Krauss V. C. Weiss T. A. Edison J. V. Sengers K. Stephan 《International Journal of Thermophysics》1996,17(4):731-757
Based on reliable. carefully selected data sets. equations for the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of the refrigerant R 112a are presented. They are valid at temperatures from 240 to 440 K, pressures up to 20 MPa. and densities up to 1050 kg · m–3. including the critical region. 相似文献
43.
The kinetics of spherulite radial growth and the morphology of the compatible system PEO/PVC have been studied by optical microscopy. The usual spherulite radial growth behaviour has been found for compatible blends with PEO content higher than 70%. For lower composition, distortion of the usual spherulite morphology has been observed; the anomalies have been attributed to partial miscibility of the components. 相似文献
44.
Polystyrene‐fullerene compositions containing up to 0.45 mol % (3 wt %) fullerene C60 were investigated. It was established that the addition of fullerene to polystyrene (PS) leads to an increase of molecular packing density and so influences the transport of small molecules through the polymer films. Gas diffusion through films of PS‐fullerene compositions is slower than through PS films, and gas separating properties of compositions are higher. Dielectric studies showed that the fullerene is distributed as clusters in the polymer matrix of solid composition prepared from a toluene solution of PS and fullerene. Heating without air to the temperature higher than PS glass transition leads to increasing relaxation time of α‐transition in PS of compositions containing >0.15 mol % (1 wt %) fullerene. This effect is caused by rather strong interaction of PS chains via fullerene molecules entered into the PS‐fullerene complex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2946–2951, 2002 相似文献
45.
46.
Immobilization was carried out of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from rabbit muscle (EC 1.1.1.27), cross-linked through the bifunctional reactive glutar-aldehyde on to nylon tubing (1 m long, 53cm2 internal surface area). Immobilized LDH inactivation kinetics are of first order (t1/2 = 3·6 years, k = 5·4,e?4 day?1 to 5°C). The smaller effect of pH on activity than in the case of LDH in solution can be explained on the basis of limitation to proton diffusion towards the support. A limiting effect to free external diffusion of the substrate towards and products from the support was also observed, an effect which seems to determine the effective kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. The apparent optimum temperature is centred around 40°C, observing a clear inactivation (thermal denaturation) above this temperature. In the temperature range studied (10–40°C), the co-existence was seen of a kinetic control accompanied by another control, involving diffusional transport of substrates and products, on the global activity of the immobilized enzyme. This makes the Arrhenius profiles curvilinear. Both graphic and statistical non-linear regression analysis of the kinetic data—rate, v, versus substrate concentration [S]—carried out under conditions in which the diffusional limitations can be considered negligible (high recirculation flow rate), permitted investigation of the intrinsic kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. In this sense, it can be deduced that the rate equation to which these data seem to be fitted is of the polynomial quotient type in [S] of minimum degree 2:2. Although the diffusional limitations have a marked effect on the type of global kinetics shown by immobilized LDH, temperature was not found to affect its v[S] behaviour. The experimental evidence obtained thus indicates that the rate equation in the 10-40°C temperature range continues to be a rational equation of at least degree 2:2 in [S]. 相似文献
47.
Yunpeng Wang Zhaoyun Wang Changyi Zhao Hongjun Wang Jinzhong Liu Jialan Lu Dehan Liu 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2007,30(4):339-356
In this paper we derive kinetic parameters for the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons (C1‐5) and methane (C1) from closed‐system laboratory pyrolysis of selected samples of marine kerogen and oil from the SW Tarim Basin. The activation energy distributions for the generation of both C1‐5 (Ea = 59‐72kcal, A = 1.0×1014 s?1) and C1 (Ea = 61‐78kcal, A = 6.06×1014 s?1) hydrocarbons from the marine oil are narrower than those for the generation of these hydrocarbons from marine kerogen (Ea = 50‐74kcal, A = 1.0×1014 s?1 for C1‐5; and Ea = 48‐72kcal, A=3.9×1013 s?1 for C1, respectively). Using these kinetic parameters, both the yields and timings of C1‐5 and C1 hydrocarbons generated from Cambrian source rocks and from in‐reservoir cracking of oil in Ordovician strata were predicted for selected wells along a north‐south profile in the SW of the basin. Thermodynamic conditions for the cracking of oil and kerogen were modelled within the context of the geological framework. It is suggested that marine kerogen began to crack at temperatures of around 120°C (or 0.8 %Ro) and entered the gas window at 138°C (or 1.05 %Ro); whereas the marine oil began to crack at about 140 °C (or 1.1 %Ro) and entered the gas window at 158 °C (or 1.6%Ro). The main geological controls identified for gas accumulations in the Bachu Arch (Southwest Depression, SW Tarim Basin) include the remaining gas potential following Caledonian uplift; oil trapping and preservation in basal Ordovician strata; the extent of breaching of Ordovician reservoirs; and whether reservoir burial depths are sufficiently deep for oil cracking to have occurred. In the Maigaiti Slope and Southwest Depression, the timing of gas generation was later than that in the Bachu Arch, with much higher yields and generation rates, and hence better prospects for gas exploration. It appears from the gas generation kinetics that the primary source for the gases in the Hetianhe gasfield was the Southwest Depression. 相似文献
48.
Diana Hurdowar-Castro Ioannis Tsanis Ilmar Simanovskis 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(1):232-252
A 3D transport model is used to perform a comparative analysis of several potential drinking water intakes located along the northwest shore of Lake Ontario between Toronto and Oshawa. The model is specifically used to assess each intake under both long- and short-term transport of a potential pollutant release from the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station and potential and actual pollutant releases from local land sources respectively. A model based on a 500 m grid resolution is calibrated using data collected in the aftermath of the 1992 tritium spill at the Pickering Nuclear Generation Station and subsequently used to simulate long-term transport. A model based on a 100 m grid resolution is verified using drogue studies and used to simulate short-term transport events. Both models are used to assess pollutant levels at each of nine potential intake locations under different wind scenarios and pollutant releases. Field data for the study included water quality and flow measurements from local sewers and rivers, and estimates of pollutant levels from the local waste water treatment plants. This paper describes the model setup for both the long-term and short-term transport models, calibration using field data, long-term transport modeling, short-term transport modeling, and the comprehensive analysis approach used to evaluate the nine potential intake locations proposed. Results indicated that four intakes in particular outperformed other intake locations by maintaining bottom pollutant levels within governmental standards and warning times that exceeded 20 hours. 相似文献
49.
Mass transport in wood during drying can have different mechanisms at different periods of drying. Depending on the current moisture content (MC) and the structure of the wood, the driving forces for the mass transport are essentially different. Above the fiber saturation point (FSP), the lumens are partially saturated and the transport of liquid (free) water occurs as a consequence of capillary action. On the other hand, below the FSP, bound water within the cell walls is conveyed by diffusion, and water vapor in the lumens moves under influence of pressures gradient. Based on these considerations, a unified model is presented that takes into account the transport of the different moisture phases. Simulation of the drying of a Norway spruce sample at 50°C from about 135 to 7% MC is carried out using the finite element method (FEM). Comparison between the simulated average MC and the experimental observations obtained from X-ray computed tomography (CT) shows reasonable agreement. Possible simplifications in the model are briefly discussed as well as some aspects of the numerical implementation. Finally, the influence of absolute permeability on the average MC is studied. 相似文献
50.
Wang Xing-kui Li Dan-xun Qu Zhao-song Wang Dian-chang Department of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China 《水动力学研究与进展(B辑)》2001,(1)
1 . INTRODUCTIONThebedloadtransporthasbeenextensivelystudiedinthepastfewdecadesandmanyformulasforpredictingbedloadtransportratehavebeenpresented(Einstein 1950 ;Meyer Peter 194 8;Bagnold 1973;Engelund 1976;Yalin 1972 ;Samaga 1986;andKarim 1998) .Whenappliedtostreamswithpartial… 相似文献