Analysis and simulation of interrupt overhead impact on OS throughput in high‐speed networks

The paper presents analytical and simulation models to study the impact of interrupt overhead on operating system throughput of network elements such as PC‐based routers, servers, and hosts when subjected to high‐speed network traffic. Under such high network traffic, the system throughput will be negatively affected due to interrupt overhead caused by the incoming traffic. We first present an analytical model for the ideal system when interrupt overhead is ignored. We then present two models which describe the impact of high interrupt rate on system throughput. One model is for employing PIO in which network adapters are not equipped with DMA engines, and the other model is for employing DMA in which network adapters are equipped with DMA engines. The paper also describes detailed discrete‐event simulation models for the ideal system and for systems with DMA and PIO. Simulations results as well as reported experimental measurements show that our analytical models are valid and give a good approximation. Our analysis and simulation work can be valuable in providing insight to understand and predict system behaviour, as well as improving and maintaining good host performance. The paper identifies analytically critical design operation points such as that of overload condition. The paper also proposes solutions and recommendations for improving performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用非线性建模选取选矿工艺参数值

神经网络在用于选矿厂建模过程中，一般只用于预测选矿效果，很少用于指导选矿现场。本研究利用神经网络，从选矿生产历史数据本身出发，找到精矿品位和回收率与药剂用量的非线性关系，利用此关系确定药剂的用量，可用于指导选厂实际生产过程。     

工业建筑造型设计探讨

为了改进工业建筑立面呆板、空间单调、使用条件落后的现状，利用钢结构的特殊造型、大柱距、大跨度等特点来达到工业建筑设计中技术与艺术完美的结合。     

The Use of Different Conveyance Calculations for Modelling Flows in a Compact Compound Channel

Flow measurements have been taken for steady and unsteady flows on a reach of a river having a compact compound channel. The 'single channel', 'divided channel' and 'lateral' distribution methods have been used to calculate conveyances for use in a one-dimensional unsteady flow model of the reach. Comparisons with measured flows show that the divided channel method and the lateral distribution method both underestimate floodplain flow depths. The lateral distribution method gives the closest accuracy in the relative depth range 0.15 ≤ Yr < 0.40. For large flow depths the single channel method becomes more accurate and slightly over-estimates flow depths.
The accuracy of unit width discharge distributions, calculated from the lateral distribution method are assessed by comparison with observed distributions for overbank flows.     

Modelling biological and chemically induced precipitation of calcium phosphate in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems

The biologically induced precipitation processes can be important in wastewater treatment, in particular treating raw wastewater with high calcium concentration combined with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. Currently, there is little information and experience in modelling jointly biological and chemical processes. This paper presents a calcium phosphate precipitation model and its inclusion in the Activated Sludge Model No 2d (ASM2d). The proposed precipitation model considers that aqueous phase reactions quickly achieve the chemical equilibrium and that aqueous-solid change is kinetically governed. The model was calibrated using data from four experiments in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) operated for EBPR and finally validated with two experiments. The precipitation model proposed was able to reproduce the dynamics of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation and later crystallization to hydroxyapatite (HAP) under different scenarios. The model successfully characterised the EBPR performance of the SBR, including the biological, physical and chemical processes.     

Blind bolted moment connection to sides of hollow section columns

This paper presents the results of an experimental programme for a new blind bolted connection to unfilled hollow section (HS) columns under static loading. In this connection, channels with side plates connect beam flanges to the side face of HS columns. This is a simple alternative connection to typical face connections, i.e. the extended endplate connection or the T-stub connection (with T-stubs connecting the top and bottom flanges of the beam to the face of the column). The channel side plate connection was found to be much stiffer than a typical face connection and has the potential to achieve a rigid connection status for braced frames according to the EC3 classifications. Comparison of the test results and three dimensional finite element (FE) modelling indicates that the FE analyses can be used to predict the connection behaviour with sufficient accuracy. The preliminary investigation for the channel side plate connection shows promising results and forms the basis for the development of other blind bolted side connections for applications in the low rise construction industry.     

Joint modelling of obstacle induced and mesoscale changes—Current limits and challenges

Obstacles considerably influence boundary layer processes. Their influences have been included in mesoscale models (MeM) for a long time. Methods used to parameterise obstacle effects in a MeM are summarised in this paper using results of the mesoscale model METRAS as examples. Besides the parameterisation of obstacle influences it is also possible to use a joint modelling approach to describe obstacle induced and mesoscale changes. Three different methods may be used for joint modelling approaches: The first method is a time-slice approach, where steady basic state profiles are used in an obstacle resolving microscale model (MiM, example model MITRAS) and diurnal cycles are derived by joining steady-state MITRAS results. The second joint modelling approach is one-way nesting, where the MeM results are used to initialise the MiM and to drive the boundary values of the MiM dependent on time. The third joint modelling approach is to apply multi-scale models or two-way nesting approaches, which include feedbacks from the MiM to the MeM. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and remaining problems with joint Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modelling approaches are summarised in the paper.     

掺聚丙烯纤维尾砂充填体损伤及能量演化特征

为了探究掺聚丙烯纤维充填体在受载状态下的损伤特性及能量演化规律,对掺不同质量含量的聚丙烯纤维充填体进行单轴压缩试验,得到了掺不同纤维含量充填体优化后的本构模型。研究结果表明:向充填体添加聚丙烯纤维能够有效的提高充填体的力学性能,当纤维含量达到0.6%时,纤维增强充填体的效果最好;对现有的掺纤维充填体损伤本构理论模型进行优化,得到了优化后掺聚丙烯纤维充填体理论曲线,并将理论曲线与试验曲线和文献曲线进行对比验证,发现优化后的理论曲线与试验曲线拟合度更高;构建了损伤与应变能之间的关系,损伤-应变能关系曲线能更好描述掺不同纤维含量充填体的损伤特性,发现纤维增强充填体力学特性的主要机理,即纤维不仅增强了充填体储存应变能的能力,还增大了充填体峰后储能的能力。试验结果对科学指导井下矿体安全开采及充填体灾害预防具有一定意义。     

Treatment and Disposal Scheme for the Sewage of Athens

The sewage from the Greater Athens area is discharged without treatment to the nearby Saronicos Gulf. Recently the Greek government decided to implement an appropriate treatment and disposal scheme, on the basis of a study of the hydrodynamic behaviour of the Gulf and the fate of the discharged pollutants. The study was conducted with the aid of suitable hydrodynamic and water quality models for a number of alternative treatment schemes, ranging from primary treatment to biological treatment with seasonal nitrogen removal, combined with outfalls of different lengths. The results indicate that, although none of the examined schemes will lead to an immediate substantial impact, the scheme that includes biological treatment with seasonal nitrogen removal can eliminate the danger of serious ecological disturbances at a reasonable cost.     

The Role of Geographical Information Systems in Urban Hydrological Modelling

'Geographical information systems'(GIS) technology holds considerable benefits to urban hydrology because of the spatial nature of catchment analysis. The availability of a spatio-temporal database of catchment characteristics can eliminate the adoption of simplifying assumptions, which reduce the quality of a research study. This research study was undertaken to demonstrate the need for accurate spatial and temporal accounting of land-use in an urbanizing catchment. The definition of the extent of GIS use, the approach to its integration into a study, and spatial database development, are crucial for eventual success.