Liquid 4He: Contributions to First Principles Theory. I. Quantized Vortices and Thermohydrodynamic Properties

Quantized vortices in liquid ⁴ He are treated quantum mechanically with realistic many-body model wave functions in variational calculations for energy and core structure at T = 0 K. A rectilinear vortex and both small and large vortex rings are studied. Calculated results indicate that rotons are not just small-quantized vortex rings. We compare our results for quantized vortices with experimental data and with theoretical results calculated by others. Correlated basis functions and standard statistical mechanics are used in treating thermohydrodynamic properties of flowing liquid ⁴ He. The Helmholtz potential is evaluated for a model of the flowing liquid that includes phonons and interacting rotons. Characteristics of this potential are discussed. The physical nature of negative superfluid density is explained. Superfluid density, entropy, and specific heat for liquid He-II are evaluated using our theory and the results are compared with experimental data. Very good agreement is found, except in a small temperature range near the λ transition. We indicate that results obtained here can be used in extending the theory to include thermally excited vortices and to investigate the possible role of vortices in accounting for the λ transition in liquid ⁴ He.      

不同圆角率下矩形高层建筑风荷载特性

通过刚性模型风洞测压试验,对4种不同圆角率（即圆角半径与模型短边迎风宽度之比分别为0、5%、10%和20%）的矩形截面高层建筑表面风荷载特性进行研究。对比了不同圆角率下建筑表面的风压分布与相关特性：圆角处理使得建筑迎风面边缘倒圆角处出现较大平均风压、极值风吸力和脉动风压;在侧风面上,平均与脉动风压梯度变化范围随圆角率的增大而逐渐减小,且横向相关性明显增强。分析了建筑顺风向与横风向的整体风力,圆角处理通过促进再附着从而减小尾流宽度,可降低高层建筑的顺风向阻力和倾覆弯矩,降幅随着圆角半径的增大而提升,同时,横风向升力和倾覆弯矩也将有所下降。     

Flux Enhancement in a Helical Microfiltration Module with Gas Injection

Abstract

A helical flow module with an inner rod mounted membrane was designed and built to reduce gel layer deposit and membrane fouling during microfiltration. Controlled centrifugal instabilities resulting from flow in a helically grooved channel, as well as the leakage flow between adjacent grooves, generated secondary vortex flows. The permeation fluxes for helical modules with Dean vortex flow were compared with flat crossflow modules at different operating pressures, concentrations, and feed flow rates. The permeation flux of the helical module for a feed solution containing 0.3 wt% kaolin solution at 1.2 bar was 57% higher than that of the flat module. Moreover, in addition to secondary vortex flow, compressed air was introduced to the membrane module. The increase in flux for the helical module with air injection was significant: the flux enhancements at 1.3 bar, 2 L‐solution/min and 1.3 L‐air/min for 0.1 wt% solutions of kaolin and bentonite were 47 and 73%, respectively.     

Taylor vortex flow with suction

Perturbation methods are used to study the bifurcation of Couette flow to Taylor vortices in the presence of a small amount of suction flow through the inner cylinder. Taylor vortex flow is described as a small amplitude expansion of the velocity and pressure near the critical Gortler parameter. The suction flow modifies the critical G?rtler number, stabilizing the original Couette flow.     

迪恩涡强化传质的理论与优化设计试验研究

研究了编织型中空纤维膜迪恩涡强化传质理论、优化设计理论、各种几何参数对渗透性能的影响,试验研究了线型/编织型中空纤维膜渗透性能对比和不同螺距编织型中空纤维膜渗透性能对比。结果表明采用弯曲管道流体窄隙理论优化设计编织型中空纤维膜组件,试验结果与理论分析计算一致;迪恩涡强化传质编织型中空纤维膜渗透性能,不但对污染溶液作用显著,同时对降低不含溶质的纯水渗透能耗也有明显作用。     

On the limiting factors of the critical current density in high-Tc superconducting ceramics

The temperature dependence of the critical current density at high temperatures and in weak applied magnetic field for YBa₂Cu₃O_7–y ceramic samples with a pronounced granular character is analyzed. The experimental results can be explained in terms of thermally activated motion of the intergrain Josephson vortices at grain boundaries, which may be an indication that the actual limiting factor for the critical current density in ceramic samples results from a weak pinning force density for the intergrain vortices rather than from the weak-link quenching.     

Free-space communication through turbulence: a comparison of plane-wave and orbital-angular-momentum encodings

Abstract

Free-space communication allows one to use spatial mode encoding, which is susceptible to the effects of diffraction and turbulence. Here, we discuss the optimum communication modes of a system while taking such effects into account. We construct a free-space communication system that encodes information onto the plane-wave (PW) modes of light. We study the performance of this system in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, and compare it with previous results for a system employing orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) encoding. We are able to show that the PW basis is the preferred basis set for communication through atmospheric turbulence for a system with a large Fresnel number product. This study has important implications for high-dimensional quantum key distribution systems.     

应用流场协同理论的多纵向涡强化换热管

应用流场协同理论研发了两种多纵向涡强化换热管———不连续双斜向内肋管和交叉缩放椭圆管,分析了其强化换热的物理机制。数值模拟和实验结果表明,当Re=500-2300 时,与考虑进口段效应的圆形截面管(L D=300)相比,不连续双斜向内肋管的换热增强250%~650%,阻力增加120% 300%;交叉缩放椭圆管Nu 可提高200%~500%,沿程阻力增加100%~350%;当Re=2300~5×104 时,与圆管相比,不连续双斜向内肋管换热可增强110%~240%,阻力增加120%~240%;交叉缩放椭圆管换热可增强35%~170%,阻力增加130%~160%。两种新型强化换热管具有优良的换热性能,可广泛应用于电力、石化、建筑供热等行业。图7参10     

Effect of fluid thermal properties on the heat transfer characteristics in a double-pipe helical heat exchanger

Heat transfer characteristics of a double-pipe helical heat exchanger were numerically studied to determine the effect of fluid thermal properties on the heat transfer. Two studies were performed; the first with three different Prandtl numbers (7.0, 12.8, and 70.3) and the second with thermally dependent thermal conductivities. Thermal conductivities of the fluid were based on a linear relationship with the fluid temperature. Six different fluid dependencies were modeled. Both parallel flow and counterflow configurations were used for the second study.Results from the first study showed that the inner Nusselt number was dependent on the Prandtl number, with a greater dependency at lower Dean numbers; this was attributed to changing hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths. Nusselt number correlations based on the Prandtl number and a modified Dean number are presented for the heat transfer in the annulus. Results from the second part of the study showed that the Nusselt number correlated better using a modified Dean number. The counterflow configuration had higher heat transfer rates than the parallel flow, but the ratio of these differences was not different when comparing thermally dependent properties and thermally independent properties.     

页岩含油率多种测试方法对比

页岩含油率是页岩油资源评价的基本参数,但其测定方法尚无统一认识,制约了页岩油资源潜力的评估准确率。选取松辽盆地页岩油井的密闭取心页岩样品,依次开展二维核磁共振(T₁—T₂ NMR)、有机溶剂蒸馏萃取(Dean Stark)、热解气相色谱(PY-GC)和岩石热解(Rock-Eval)4种页岩含油率测定实验。对比分析表明,T₁—T₂ NMR法与Dean Stark法的页岩含油率测试结果相近,均高于PY-GC法,Rock-Eval法测试结果最低。样品处理方式对页岩含油率的测试结果具有重要影响,块状样品的测试含油率明显高于粉碎样品。综合分析认为,T₁—T₂ NMR法测试页岩含油率结果的可靠性高,具有时间短、样品无损、样品非均质性影响小等特点,是分析页岩含油率的最优手段,具有良好的推广应用前景。建立了不同热演化成熟度页岩的含油率恢复系数、轻烃恢复系数及校正图版,对于湖相I型有机质页岩发育区开展页岩含油率分析具有重要参考价值。