页岩含油率多种测试方法对比

页岩含油率是页岩油资源评价的基本参数,但其测定方法尚无统一认识,制约了页岩油资源潜力的评估准确率。选取松辽盆地页岩油井的密闭取心页岩样品,依次开展二维核磁共振(T₁—T₂ NMR)、有机溶剂蒸馏萃取(Dean Stark)、热解气相色谱(PY-GC)和岩石热解(Rock-Eval)4种页岩含油率测定实验。对比分析表明,T₁—T₂ NMR法与Dean Stark法的页岩含油率测试结果相近,均高于PY-GC法,Rock-Eval法测试结果最低。样品处理方式对页岩含油率的测试结果具有重要影响,块状样品的测试含油率明显高于粉碎样品。综合分析认为,T₁—T₂ NMR法测试页岩含油率结果的可靠性高,具有时间短、样品无损、样品非均质性影响小等特点,是分析页岩含油率的最优手段,具有良好的推广应用前景。建立了不同热演化成熟度页岩的含油率恢复系数、轻烃恢复系数及校正图版,对于湖相I型有机质页岩发育区开展页岩含油率分析具有重要参考价值。     

外区相干结构动态特性的研究

本文通过对光滑边壁、沙粒加糙和沙波渠床条件下的水流结构的观测,发现边壁对水流结构的直接影响,可达 y~+≈100,并得出了湍流边界外区的相干结构,虽然存在横向涡、纵向涡和垂向涡,但主要表现为大尺度横向涡的形成、发展和衰变过程.通过试验,测出了横向涡的形成、维持、衰变各阶段的距离和出现的周期特性.最后从理论上分析了影响横向涡发展的因素,并得出了横向涡的长度和输运过程的预测计算式.     

Dissipation in current-carrying high-Tcsuperconducting ceramics in applied magnetic field

The dissipation mechanism in high-T _csuperconducting ceramics was studied by analyzing the magnetic field dependence of the transport critical current and the form of the current-voltage characteristics. It was found that the actual magnetic field dependence of the transport critical current is significantly slower than that predicted by the weak-link-quenching model. The low-voltage-level current-voltage characteristics were described in terms of thermally activated flux creep at grain boundaries, taking into account collective pinning of intergranular Josephson vortices. For the investigated samples, a low-field, high-temperature mean pinning energy barrier of a few tens of meV was determined.     

Magnetic Properties of a Superconductor with no Inversion Symmetry

We study the magnetic properties of a superconductor in a crystal without symmetry, in particular how the lack of this symmetry exhibits itself. We show that, though the penetration depth itself shows no such effect, for suitable orientation of magnetic field, there is a magnetic field discontinuity at the interface which shows this absence of symmetry. The magnetic field profile of a vortex in the x − y plane is shown to be identical to that of an ordinary anisotropic superconductor to second order in a small parameter . For a vortex along z, there is an induced magnetization along the radial direction.     

UV-C-inactivation of microorganisms in naturally cloudy apple juice using novel inactivation equipment based on Dean vortex technology

A novel UV-C irradiation device in laboratory scale was tested for its potential to inactivate bacteria in naturally cloudy apple juice. In this device, liquid flows through a helically wound tubing wrapped around a quartz glass tube containing a 9 W UV lamp with an irradiation intensity of 60 W/m² at 254 nm. The equipment was capable of reducing numbers of inoculated Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus brevis from an initial concentration of approximately 10⁶ CFU/ml or 10⁴ CFU/ml to below detectable limits in commercial naturally cloudy apple juice at a flow rate of 2 l/h, and to well below 1 × 10² also at higher flow rates of 4 and 8 l/h. Numbers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reduced from an initial level of ca. 1 × 10⁴–1 × 10² CFU/ml or less at flow rates of 2 and 4 l/h. Although E. coli could be effectively inactivated also in self-extracted, as well as industrially processed apple juice, contaminating yeast and lactic acid bacteria were not completely eliminated.     

Digital Cottage Industries

Mike Aling 's ProunStretcher project engages with the recent global revival of cottage industries, fuelled by the application of digital technologies, as a means to address ‘the manifold social issues present across our rural landscape-as-urban-extension’.     

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Novel Spiral Micromixer with Sinusoidal Channel Walls

A novel spiral micromixer with sinusoidal channel walls was designed to enhance the mixing index in the low to intermediate Reynolds number range (1 < Re < 100). To analyze the fluid flow, a set of numerical simulations were performed using the finite-difference method. The microchip was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane, employing the soft-lithography technique. The degree of mixing was increased by 99.11 % when using the proposed micromixer, compared to 59.44 % for a simple spiral micromixer. The introduced microchannel drastically reduced the mixing length, increasing the mixing index of a 0.5-loop spiral-sinusoidal microchannel compared to that of the simple spiral microchannel with 1.5 loops. The mixing index of the 3-loop mixer was higher than that of the microchannel with 1.5 loops, and its pressure drop was increased.     

A decoupled method to identify affecting mechanism of crosswind on performance of a natural draft dry cooling tower

The natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT) has been increasingly used for cooling in power generation in arid area. As crosswind affects the performance of a NDDCT in a complicated way, and the basic affecting mechanism is unclear, attempts have been made to improve the performance of a NDDCT based on limited experiences. This paper introduces a decoupled method to study the complicated crosswind effects on the inlet and outlet of a NDDCT separately by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and hot state experiments. Accordingly, the basic affecting mechanism of crosswind on the NDDCT performance is identified. Crosswind changes the inlet flow field of a NDDCT and induces mainstream vortices inside the tower, so as to degrade the ventilation. Besides, low crosswind deflects the upward plume at the outlet to further degrade the ventilation, while high crosswind induces the low pressure area at the outlet to reduce the ventilation degradation.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in helical coil heat exchangers using water based CuO nanofluid

The present work deals with the study of heat transfer enhancement using water based CuO nanofluids in the helical coil heat exchanger. Nanofluids were prepared using two-step method by using wet chemical method. Nanofluids with various volume percentage between 0 and 0.5 of CuO nanoparticles and their flow rate between 30 and 80 LPH (Reynolds number ranging from 812 to 1895, Laminar flow regime) were considered in the present study. The setup consists of a test section (helical coil), cooler, reservoir, pump, flow meter, thermocouples and flow controlling system. The temperature measurements were carried out with the help of thermocouples. The investigation was carried out to study the effect of particle loading and flow rate on heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. It has been found that the increase in the loading of CuO nanoparticles in base fluid shows a significant enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid. In the present study, at 0.1 vol% concentration of CuO nanoparticles in nanofluid, enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was 37.3% as compared to base fluid while at 0.5 vol%, it is as high as 77.7%. Also with the increase in the flow rate of the CuO nanofluid, significant increase in heat transfer coefficient was observed.     

Wind loads on flat roofs of low-rise buildings with rounded leading edge

Using wind tunnel experiments, wind loads on the flat roofs of low-rise buildings with rounded leading edges were investigated under the effects of separation bubbles and conical vortices. First, pressure distributions on the flat roofs were presented. Second, total uplift forces and overturning moments were calculated by the introduction of area-averaged pressures. Third, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of fluctuating pressure were obtained by proper orthogonal decomposition. Finally, wind pressure characteristics at the rounded edges were examined. The results indicate that after the use of a rounded leading edge, suctions induced by separation bubble and conical vortices increase near the chamfer, decrease beneath the vortices, and stay invariant far from the leading edge. The area involved and the energy of pressure fluctuation decrease, with the largest decrease occurring on a flat roof with a larger fillet radius under conical vortices. In addition, the maximum decreases in peak total uplift forces and overturning moments reach 11% and 62%, respectively, and appear at skewed flows. The maximum suction and low-frequency spectral peak of pressure fluctuations at the rounded leading edge may exceed those at the neighboring region. As the fillet radius increases, the maximum suction and low-frequency pressure fluctuation energy at the chamfer decrease.