小型直喷式柴油机喷雾特性的试验研究

为了掌握喷雾的结构物特性,利用高速摄像装置和高压容器拍摄了喷雾的逆光图像,并研究了喷雾周围介质压力对喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾锥角以及蒸发等喷雾特性的影响。在液滴数密度较大的条件下,燃料液滴的蒸发速率传热过程和雾化质量的影响;喷射妆期喷雾的贯穿距离和贯穿速度几乎不受介质物影响;喷雾的贯穿跨离受喷油压力的影响不大,但随着喷油压力的提高,喷雾锥角增大,喷雾质量得到改善。     

Pressure–time characteristics in diesel engine fueled with natural gas

Combustion pressure data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas, and compared to the diesel engine case. The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise. Experimental investigation on diesel and dual fuel engines revealed the noise generated from combustion in both cases. A Ricardo E6 diesel version engine is converted to run on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas and is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized and the cylinder pressure data, crank angle data are stored in a PC for off-line analysis. The effect of engine speeds, loads, pilot injection angle, and pilot fuel quantity on combustion noise is examined for both diesel and dual engine. Maximum pressure rise rate and some samples of ensemble averaged pressure–crank angle data are presented in the present work. The combustion noise, generally, is found to increase for the dual fuel engine case as compared to the diesel engine case.     

硼改性微粒硅溶胶的助留助滤试验

研究了剪切力和CPAM、阳离子淀粉、硼改性硅溶胶用量对硼改性硅溶胶与阳离子淀粉或CPAM组成不同助留助滤体系的助留助滤效果的影响;同时研究了硫酸铝用量、pH值及电解质用量对助留助滤效果的影响.研究结果发现:阳离子淀粉/硼改性硅溶胶微粒助留体系的抗剪切能力优于阳离子淀粉一元助留体系.阳离子聚合物/硼改性硅溶胶微粒助留助滤体系的助留助滤效果优于一元助留助滤体系,同时大大地改善了纸页的匀度.阳离子淀粉/硼改性硅溶胶微粒助留助滤体系在pH值4～8时,以及在松香施胶体系中硫酸铝用量≤3%时较为适用,该体系抗电解质干扰能力强.     

基于GT-Suite的4缸柴油机共轨管结构参数的优化研究

为了改善柴油机的燃油喷射性能,降低共轨压力波动,提高其动力性,本文分析了柴油机共轨管容积与压力建立时间及压力波动量的关系,研究了共轨管容积及其影响因素,基于GT-suite建立了四缸柴油机燃油共轨系统模型并进行了仿真,根据共轨管容积与压力建立时间及压力波动量的关系的仿真结果,确定了共轨管的最优容积,根据共轨管长径比和压力波动量的关系的仿真结果建立了轨压适应度函数,并根据轨压适应度与共轨管长径比的关系确定了最优共轨管内径,为共轨管的设计提供理论依据.     

Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005

Background

A smoking ban in all indoor public places was enforced in Italy on 10 January 2005.

Methods

We compared indoor air quality before and after the smoking ban by monitoring the indoor concentrations of fine (<2.5 μm diameter, PM_2.5) and ultrafine particulate matter (<0.1 μm diameter, UFP). PM_2.5 and ultrafine particles were measured in 40 public places (14 bars, six fast food restaurants, eight restaurants, six game rooms, six pubs) in Rome, before and after the introduction of the law banning smoking (after 3 and 12 months). Measurements were taken using real time particle monitors (DustTRAK Mod. 8520 TSI; Ultra‐fine Particles Counter‐TRAK Model 8525 TSI). The PM_2.5 data were scaled using a correction equation derived from a comparison with the reference method (gravimetric measurement). The study was completed by measuring urinary cotinine, and pre‐law and post‐law enforcement among non‐smoking employees at these establishments

Results

In the post‐law period, PM_2.5 decreased significantly from a mean concentration of 119.3 μg/m³ to 38.2 μg/m³ after 3 months (p<0.005), and then to 43.3 μg/m³ a year later (p<0.01). The UFP concentrations also decreased significantly from 76 956 particles/cm³ to 38 079 particles/cm³ (p<0.0001) and then to 51 692 particles/cm³ (p<0.01). Similarly, the concentration of urinary cotinine among non‐smoking workers decreased from 17.8 ng/ml to 5.5 ng/ml (p<0.0001) and then to 3.7 ng/ml (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

The application of the smoking ban led to a considerable reduction in the exposure to indoor fine and ultrafine particles in hospitality venues, confirmed by a contemporaneous reduction of urinary cotinine.     

卷烟焦油测试嵌套析因设计分析

为了研究卷烟焦油测试过程中的各变异源的差异,采用完全嵌套方差分析和嵌套析因设计分析对各变期源进行分析.结果表明:①具有明确原因的变异源中,总粒相物的变异性最大,为42.0％;总粒相物和滤片含水量(W&W)的变异性较大,为30.6％;空白水分变异性为25.3％;烟碱和气相色谱仪引入的变异性仅占2.3％;在进行减小测量变异性改进时应从前3个变异源考虑;②由日期和时间引起的变异性为42.9％,在卷烟焦油比对测试时应参考日期和时间方向上的变异进行设计.     

复合聚合物微粒乳液的制备与应用

对种子乳液聚合中加料方式、单体亲水性、引发剂等因素对复合微粒聚合物形成的影响作了介绍 ,总结了聚合物微粒形态预测的热力学和动力学方法。同时 ,讨论了复合聚合物微粒设计的原理并评述了其应用情况     

膨润土的改性及其助留试验

对钙基膨润土进行多种方法改性,并研究了改性后的膨润土与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺对新闻纸浆的协同助留作用.对比了自制膨润土和进口膨润土的助留助滤性能.     

影响卷烟烟气柔和性的主要化学成分分析及柔和性功能香精的开发

为了提升卷烟烟气柔和性,改善卷烟抽吸品质,采用GC-MS方法,对烟丝的化学成分、卷烟烟气成分进行测定,并对它们与卷烟烟气柔和性的相关性进行分析.结果表明:①糖氮比值高的,刺激较小,烟气柔和性较好;②游离烟碱含量高,劲头大,对喉部的冲击感较强,柔和性较差;③烟叶致香成分中新植二烯和高级脂肪酸酯含量、主流烟气粒相水分与卷烟柔和性存在正相关.以此为指导,利用天然植物原料及其提取物,开发了提高卷烟烟气柔和性的功能性香精,并将其应用于卷烟产品,对比评吸结果表明,添加了柔和性功能香精的卷烟产品,柔和性得分平均提高1.5 ～2分.     

通风、加长滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气粒相物中挥发性、半挥发性酸性成分释放量的影响

卷烟主流烟气粒相物经二氯甲烷浸提,进行GC/MS分析,对通风、加长滤嘴后卷烟主流烟气粒相物中21种挥发性、半挥发性酸性成分的变化进行了分析研究。结果表明:通风度20%卷烟2、5 mm滤嘴卷烟与参比卷烟(20 mm滤嘴、不打孔)相比,21种酸性成分总量分别减少了22.1%、26.3%。通风、加长滤嘴后卷烟主流烟气粒相物中不同酸性成分减少的程度不同,分子量较小、沸点较低的物质减少较多,而分子量较大、沸点较高的物质减少较少。