Differences in content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in flour of spring and winter wheat cultivated in Poland

The work presents the content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in spring and winter classes of wheat flour. It discusses genetical and physiological aspects of their synthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels and also indicates how methodological differences explain differences in results presented in the literature. It has been reported that spring wheat flours are richer in free lipids, especially in the non-polar fraction. The content of glycolipids ranged from 134 to 215 mg/100 g flour and was more stable within the winter wheat class. The percentages of the two main fractions, namely DGDG and MGDG, were similar in both wheat classes and reached ca. 77%. Phospholipids constituted the smallest fraction of the flour free lipids in both wheat classes; however, spring wheat flours were richer in these compounds, which is likely associated with a greater content of spherosomes in the endosperm of this wheat class. The free lipids of spring wheat flour contained more oleic and slightly less linoleic and linolenic acids. Spring wheat flour was also richer in carotenoids, although there were varieties in both classes that deviated from this. The main carotenoid was lutein, whose total percentage in the form of different isomers ranged from 71.3% to 83.3% and was slightly lower for spring wheat flour. Lutein, in the form of a trans-isomer, constituted about 62% and 70% of all carotenoids in spring and winter wheat flours, respectively.     

我国4省养殖中华绒螯蟹中甲基汞的污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 探讨我国主产区养殖的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)中甲基汞(methylmercury,MeHg)累积情况和食用安全风险。方法 利用高效液相色谱-原子荧光联用法(high performance liquid chromatography and atomic fluorescence spectrometry,HPLC-AFS)分析了湖北、安徽、江苏、辽宁4省14个地市生产的135份人工养殖中华绒螯蟹的MeHg含量。采用单因子污染指数(single-element pollution indices,Pi)、每周可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)和目标危害商值(target hazard quotient,THQ)法分别评价了其污染程度和食用安全性。结果 MeHg的检出率达91.1%,含量范围为ND(未检出)～133.1μg/kg,所有样品的MeHg含量均未超出国家标准限量值。膳食暴露评估结果表明成人每周摄入量(estimated weekly intakes,EWI)低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的联合专家委员会(Joint Food and Agriculture Organization /World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA)推荐的食品添加剂的PTWI。结论 所有养殖中华绒螯蟹样品的THQ值均小于1,介于0.009~0.288之间,表明摄入这些地区养殖中华绒螯蟹的MeHg暴露风险较低。     

Seasonal variations of chemical composition in prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) miller)

The moisture, ash, free reducing sugar, starch, ether extractive, crude protein, amino acid and the heat energy contents of young and mature cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica, with or without fruits, are described. The measurements were made in each of the following stages of development: vegetative growth (March), full vegetative development, and at the beginning of fructification (October). Independently of developmental stage (different cladode types) the highest values were reached always in young cladodes in the following months: moisture content in March and October; ash and free reducing sugars in March; starch and ether extractive in September and October; crude protein in March and July. Crude fibre was maximal in September and global heat energy in October. The nutritive and caloric value of cladodes are compared to other products used for livestock nutrition.     

Status of dietary fiber contents in pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties before and after parboiling

Five different varieties of paddy (four pigmented and one non-pigmented) were shelled and milled in pre and post parboiled form, their dietary fiber contents were estimated. Under similar conditions of milling, raw rice showed a high degree of polish (DOP), 9–12 g/100 g and parboiled rice showed low DOP, 4.6–6.6 g/100 g. Dietary fiber content was high in pigmented rice, 9–10 g/100 g compared to non-pigmented, ∼6 g/100 g. Soluble fiber content in pigmented head rice (dehusked) varied from 1 to 1.5 g/100 g and in its brokens varied from 0.45 to 1.45 g/100 g. Dietary fiber content was low by about 1% in parboiled rice. In the parboiled rice of pigmented varieties, the total fiber content varied from 7.95 ± 0.15 to 9.05 ± 0.25 g/100 g and the soluble fiber content varied from 0.7 to 0.9 g/100 g. In milled parboiled rice the respective values were 5 ± 0.4 to 6 ± 0.1 g/100 g and 0.85 ± 0.05 to 1.25 ± 0.05 g/100 g. However, the soluble fiber content in the non-pigmented brown rice, IR-64 remained same after parboiling, 0.75 ± 0.5 g/100 g. Milled parboiled rice showed higher soluble dietary fiber compared to milled raw rice. In conclusion, dietary fiber was high in pigmented rice varieties when compared with non-pigmented rice.     

Occurrence,types, properties and interactions of phenolic compounds with other food constituents in oil-bearing plants

ABSTRACT

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in the discovery and optimization of specific phenolic complexes in plant-based foods that could be utilized towards various applications in the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.     

昆虫油脂功能性成分的开发

综述了昆虫油脂的含量、特点及其脂肪酸的组成，阐述了昆虫油脂中的磷脂，并讨论了昆虫其他功能性脂质，最后简述了昆虫油脂及功能性脂质的提取。     

腐植酸钠在复杂体系中抗氧化作用的研究

用偶氮氧化物AAPH热分解生成的自由基引发脂质氧化,通过硫氰酸铁法和硫代巴比妥酸反应物法检测脂质的氧化进程,研究腐植酸钠在用非离子表面活性剂Tween 20稳定的葵花油水包油乳状液模拟非均相食品体系和用大豆磷脂脂质体模拟非均相生物体系中的抗氧化活性。结果表明:在葵花油乳状液中0.20、0.50、1.00 mg/mL腐植酸钠和在大豆磷脂脂质体中0.016、0.040、0.080 mg/mL的腐植酸钠均具有抗氧化活性。     

不同种类的膳食蛋白对血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度的影响

目的探讨不同种类膳食蛋白对血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的影响。方法 48只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:酪蛋白组、乳清蛋白组、卵白蛋白组、大豆分离蛋白组、小麦蛋白组、玉米蛋白组。分别给予含有不同膳食蛋白的饲料喂养10 d后处死动物,采集血液样品,测定血浆中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及半胱氨酰甘氨酸(Cys-Gly)等指标的浓度。结果小麦蛋白组的体质量增长低于蛋白含量相同的酪蛋白组、乳清蛋白组、卵白蛋白组及大豆分离蛋白组,玉米蛋白组的体质量呈现负增长,且与其他各组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。小麦蛋白组和玉米蛋白组血浆Hcy浓度低于其他蛋白组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与酪蛋白组比较,乳清蛋白组的血浆Hcy浓度也有所降低。结论膳食蛋白的种类能够影响大鼠血浆中的Hcy水平,可能与蛋白中氨基酸组成有关。高Cys含量的膳食蛋白能提高促进Hcy代谢的酶活性,增加Hcy的代谢消耗,从而降低血浆中的Hcy水平。     

New potato fibre for improvement of texture and colour of wheat bread

The aim of this project was to compare the functional properties of five fibre fractions by baking of wheat bread by substitution 0, 4, 8 and 12 w/w% of wheat flour using dry potato pulp (Fibre 1), a commercial potato fibre (Fibre 2), two fibre prepared from potato pulp by enzymatic hydrolysis (Fibre 3 and 4), and one solubilised fibre (Fibre 5). The effect of chemical composition of fibre on texture, colour, specific weight and volume of wheat bread was studied using objective methods for measurement of texture characteristics, colour (L, a, b) and sensory analysis. Dry potato pulp, Potex (Fibre 2) and two enzymatically prepared fibre powders (Fibre 3 and 4) with a high concentration of lignin and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (INCP) had a detrimental effect on bread quality by substitution of more than 8% of the wheat flour by fibre. The detrimental effect was mainly due to increased hardness, deformation energy, modulus and gumminess. Multiple linear regression analysis with forward selection was used for determination of the relationship between quality characteristics and of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (SNSP), insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (INCP), cellulose and lignin. The enzymatic solubilised fibre (Fibre 5) with a high concentration of soluble fibre and a low concentration of cellulose and lignin could be used for substitution of at least 12% wheat flour for baking of bread with an attractive colour, delicious texture and flavour.     

Changes in lipid content and composition during germination of groundnuts

The cotyledons of two varieties of germinating groundnut seeds (Runner and Bunch) were analysed periodically for their lipid content and fatty acid composition over a period of 132 h. The lipid content decreased drastically during germination. More drastic changes in lipid constituents were observed for light-grown seedlings than for dark-grown ones. In general, the non-polar lipids (NPL) were metabolised faster than the polar ones (P > 0.05) especially in those seeds grown in the dark. The rate of decrease in NPL content almost paralleled that of increase in glycolipid (GL) content. Triacyl glycerol content decreased noticeably during germination while other NPL tended to increase. Among the GL, sterylglucoside increased rapidly during early germination under darkness, only to decrease steadily thereafter. A converse effect was observed for acyl sterylglucoside which, in the dark, decreased rapidly at early germination only to increase equally rapidly later on. Among the phospholipids (PL), only phosphatidic acid showed a marked increase during germination, under both growth conditions, while others tended to decrease in varying degrees. The changing patterns of GL and PL during germination seem to follow the pattern of the formation of photosynthetic tissues and the metabolic conversion of PL. The major fatty acids of the three lipid groups, which more or less decreased or increased in varying degrees with germination in light-grown seeds were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic and lignoceric acids in decreasing order of prominence at early germination.