不同产地绿茶饮料香气特征及差异分析

利用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用法并结合相关性与气味活度值分析研究了不同产地绿茶饮料挥发性风味成分物质含量及构成差异。结果表明：低糖型绿茶饮料的香气总量要远高于无糖型,且不同产地绿茶饮料主要香气物质组成不同,主要共性成分是芳樟醇和柠檬烯;其中中国大陆饮料中含量较高的有酯类、酮类和烯类,日本饮料以醇类、烯类和醛类为主,中国台湾饮料中醇类、酯类的含量较高,而烯类含量很低。其中有10 个香气组分与香气评分相关性较高,主要是反-氧化芳樟醇（0.93**）与花香呈显著正相关,顺-3-己烯醇（0.90*）和β-环柠檬醛（0.92**）与清香呈显著正相关,β-紫罗酮（－0.92**）与果香呈显著负相关,β-大马烯酮（0.95**）与甜香呈显著正相关,1-乙基吡咯（0.87*）与烘焙香呈显著正相关;6 个气味活度值较高的组分分别是β-大马烯酮、β-紫罗酮、芳樟醇、大马酮、癸醛和柠檬烯,它们对整体香气贡献较大。     

四川主栽茶树品种红茶香气成分的SPME-GC-MS分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对采自名山白毫131、福鼎大白茶、福选9号、早白尖和四川中小叶群体种5 个主栽品种制作的工夫红茶香气成分进行分析。在5 个品种红茶中共分离鉴定出148 种香气化合物,其中包含醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、烃类、酸类等。主要的香气贡献成分是醇类化合物,相对含量在45.97%～63.78%之间,其中主体香气成分有香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物、苯乙醇、3,7-二甲基-1,5,7-辛三烯-3-醇、苯甲醇、橙花叔醇、水杨酸甲酯、癸酸乙酯、顺-3-己烯醇己酸酯、苯乙醛、柠檬醛等,这些成分是决定四川工夫红茶甜花香和果香的重要组分。四川主栽品种红茶香气类型属于中间型,富含芳樟醇和香叶醇,其中名山白毫131、四川中小叶群体种和福鼎大白茶红茶萜烯指数较低,分别为0.57、0.60和0.65,表明这3 个品种红茶香气高锐,属于高香型红茶,这与感官审评结果一致。因此,高香或花香型四川工夫红茶宜选用名山白毫131、四川中小叶群体种或福鼎大白茶鲜叶制作。     

基于GC-MS和嗅闻联用的不同品种黑莓果酒香气成分分析

分析了4个品种黑莓果酒的香气成分和差异,为选用酿酒用黑莓品种提供依据。用顶空固相微萃取法提取黑莓果酒香气成分,用GC—MS进行定性和定量分析,应用峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量,同时根据嗅闻校正确定4种黑莓果酒的特征香气。结果表明,4种黑莓果酒的香气成分分别为切斯特果酒33种、赫尔果酒34种、宁8果酒32种和刺莓果酒32种,其主要的香气物质是酯类和醇类。确定4种黑莓果酒共有的特征香气成分是辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、异戊醇、β-苯乙醇等。     

Profile of Volatile Compounds in 11 Brandies by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT:  A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for the qualitative or semiquantitative characterization of brandy volatiles. SPME variables (SPME fiber, extraction temperature and time, and ethanol concentration) were optimized. A total of 144 compounds were from the brandies' volatiles, tentatively identified or identified by comparing mass spectra and retention indices of the standards or from literature. Of these, 57 are common to 11 brandies. They were mainly represented by esters and alcohols, such as 2-methyl propanol, 3-methyl butanol, 1-hexanol, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl decanoate, which were quantitatively determined. Chromatographic peaks were integrated using selective ion method (SIM) and the semiquantitative data analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) to study relationships between volatile composition and brandy. Eleven brandies were differentiated into 3 groups: 1 for Hennessy VSOP and XO samples, 1 for Changyu PEGASE VSOP and XO-1, 2, 3 samples, and the other for Changyu PEGASE brandy and VO, Taro brandy, Baiyang River brandy, and Wealth XO samples. The classification of groups is consistent with the brandy samples by variety and grade.     

Establishment of the contribution of volatile compounds to the aroma of fermented sausages at different stages of processing and storage

The generation of aroma compounds through the curing process of dry fermented sausages was studied. The most important aroma compounds were determined using their odour-activity values (OAVs). The compound quantification in the headspace (HS) was carried out by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and the total concentration in the sausage by multiple headspace SPME (multiple HS-SPME) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The main compounds that contributed to the aroma of dry fermented sausages were those with the highest oil OAVs such as 3-methyl butanal, 2-methyl butanal, octanal, diacetyl and ethyl 2-methyl butanoate that were important from the beginning of the process. Other compounds were important contributors as they were generated at the end of process, including propanal, pentanal, hexanal, ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl butanoic acid, 2-methyl propanoic acid, ethyl hexanoate and nonanal. However, the aroma perceived in the HS was due to compounds with the highest air OAVs such as 3-methyl butanoic acid, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, nonanal and octanal. In many cases, the percentage of the aroma compound released to the HS was around 10–20% of the total concentration in the sausage.     

Establishment of the volatile profile of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ apple variety and identification of varietal markers

The volatile composition of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ (BE) apple was achieved by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–qMS) analysis using fruits from two different rootstocks (PAJAM2 and MM106), different trees of each rootstock, and different sections of each tree (north and south). Fruits were harvested in the maturity state defined for this variety and then stored for four months at 4 °C. During this period, analyses were made monthly. α-Farnesene was the compound found in the volatile profile of BE apple with the largest GC area. A large number of esters were also detected. Rootstocks, trees, and tree sections did not have statistical significance on the volatile composition of BE apples. However, the volatile composition changed throughout the storage period. The principal component analysis (PCA) allowed distinguishing between the apples obtained immediately after harvest and those stored for 4 months. In the first case, the volatile composition was related to the occurrence of aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenols and, in the second case, to esters and terpenoids. Ocymene, cymene, α-bergamotene, geranyl acetone, nerolidol, and ethyl 3-(methylthio)-propionate were identified for the first time in apples. This peculiar profile allows to propose them as varietal markers of BE apple variety. However, as this methodology has only been applied to BE apple, the occurrence of these compounds in other cultivars can not be excluded.     

Characterisation of volatile compounds of farmed soft‐shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) by solid‐phase microextraction and the influence of matrix pH on the release of volatiles

Although farming and consuming of soft‐shelled turtle has been practised for centuries, the aroma‐impact compounds in the meat have not been determined. Furthermore, matrix pH, usually changing during processing and storage stage, was rarely investigated for the influence on volatile profiles. To these aims, soft‐shelled turtle meat was subjected to different pH conditions and the potential volatile compounds were analysed under different extraction conditions by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME). A total of forty‐three volatiles were identified; in which, nonanal, (E, E)‐2, 4‐heptadienal, octanal, decanal, hexanal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, heptanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and o‐xylene were assigned as aroma‐impact compounds by high relative odour activity value (ROAV). Overly basic or acidic pH significantly (P < 0.05) facilitated the release of volatiles under moderate extraction conditions. The total volatilisation increased by 30.1% to 298% in pH‐shifted samples, while the highest one was found in pH 2 or pH 11. However, the results of principal components analysis (PCA) demonstrated that increased extraction time or temperature hindered the pH enhancement.     

不同发酵剂对发酵香肠挥发性风味物质的影响

以植物乳杆菌NM177-2与弯曲乳杆菌GX24-2作为发酵剂,通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS）分析技术,研究在不同菌种组合的发酵剂作用下,发酵香肠中挥发性风味物质的构成与变化。确定了发酵过程中产生的主体风味物质为醇类、酸类、酯类、醛酮酚类物质。同时证明了植物乳杆菌与弯曲乳杆菌混合接种发酵更加有利于良好风味物质的形成。      

酵子馒头与酵母馒头挥发性组分与香气特征分析

利用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)收集酵子馒头(JSB)与酵母馒头(YSB)的挥发性物质,并结合气-质谱联用(GC/MS)和气相嗅闻(GC-O)技术,对其挥发性物质和香气特征进行分析。结果显示,SDE吸收液适合分馏和浓缩。HS-SPME最佳条件为吸附温度55℃,吸附时间30 min,解吸时间6 min。GC/MS分析发现,两种馒头共有组分23种,主要组分是乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正己醇、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-正戊基呋喃、萘、苯甲醛、戊基苯、壬醛、香叶基丙酮,共有组分在JSB中相对含量较高(>60%),在YSB中含量较低(<50%),其中JSB中乙醇的相对含量最高(63%)。JSB中酸类、含苯环类、杂环类化合物的相对含量高于YSB,表现出醇香、果香和坚果香味。而YSB中烯烃类、醛类、酯类、酮类化合物高于JSB,其香气不如JSB浓郁。JSB与YSB的挥发性物质种类和相对含量差异明显,导致两者表现出不同的香气特征。