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91.
浅析SRT-Ⅳ裂解炉炉管弯曲及断裂原因 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
主要分析计算了裂解炉炉管受力情况,进而得出结论:裂解炉自身结构的相互约束力和炉管渗碳是导致炉管弯曲、断裂的主要原因,并提出了相应的解决措施。 相似文献
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Brominated poly(isobutylene-co-4-methylstyrene) (BIMS) is a synthetic terpolymer which can be stoichiometrically cross-linked by N,N′-dicinnamylidene-1,6-hexanediamine (DIAK). The degree of cross-links on bulk samples was determined by measuring the low frequency shear modulus with parallel plate method. The surface modulus of the same samples was measured using a new method, shear modulation force microscopy (SMFM). The moduli of the bulk sample and the surface were found to have the same scaling with the cross-link density, and good agreement with rubber elasticity theory was obtained in both cases. The SMFM was then used to monitor the cross-linking process, as a function of DIAK concentration and curing time, in thin films where standard rheological methods cannot be applied. The results show that in all cases the cross-linking reaction at the surface reaches saturation in less than 10 min as compared to at least 1 h in the bulk samples. 相似文献
95.
Matthew F. Paige 《Polymer》2003,44(20):6345-6352
Three different forms of atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement, topography, friction force and phase imaging, have been used to investigate the surface morphology and local composition of an immiscible polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend film. This sample forms discrete, micron-size domains in a continuous matrix, which is attributed to the segregation of PMMA in PS. When the samples were imaged in air, contrast in friction and phase images was caused by variations in sample topography only. When the samples were imaged under water, however, both friction and phase imaging yielded non-topographic contrast between domains. We ascribe the contrast in both of these imaging modes to preferential softening of the hydrophilic, PMMA-rich domains and to stronger tip-sample adhesive forces, highlighting the AFM's utility for probing local elastic properties and for compositional mapping of soft polymer samples. 相似文献
96.
Both confocal Raman microspectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been undertaken to study the crystalline and the morphological aspects of cast PA 6 films at a sub-microscopic scale. The percentages of the different crystalline structures present within PA 6 cast films, i.e. the monoclinic α, the pseudo-hexagonal β, and the monoclinic γ, have been measured by confocal Raman microspectroscopy. In cast films, the prevailing structure is the β one. AFM has been used to characterize the morphology of the PA 6 films. Simultaneously, the deformed state has been considered as well. Our main interest has been to follow the evolution of the percentage of each crystalline structure as a function of the plastic deformation mechanisms which are responsible of the yielding of PA 6 films: shear banding for temperatures T lower than 160 °C and formation of fibrils for 相似文献
97.
Structured dispersion particles suitable for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) were synthesized via swelling polymerization technique (EP 359562). Particles consisting of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) copolymerized with different types of carboxylic acids were used as seeds. The final particles were synthesized by swelling polymerization process, using 6 wt % styrene or 6 wt % methyl methacylate. The resulting particle morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From previous works (Coll Surf A 2001, 183–185, 725–737; J Appl Polym Sci 2004, 91, 2610–2623) where two‐step emulsion polymerization was used on similar particles, it is expected that the particle morphology is affected by the polarity of the monomer used for swelling polymerization because of the phase compatibility (thermodynamic parameter). In this work, the seed particles used were always of a glass transition temperature (Tg) below polymerization temperature. The diffusion of the growing polymer chains from the swelling polymerization is therefore mainly affected by their own Tg and the influence of the carboxy groups on the chain length of the entering radicals (kinetic parameter). The different morphologies of the single particles are discussed qualitatively. The effects of reaction parameters are compared with the results given in the previous work. The structure of the corresponding dispersion films was characterized using AFM. Correlations to macroscopic properties such as the cohesive strength and peel adhesion to different substrates are discussed. The results are also compared with the application properties of the corresponding unmodified particles, statistical copolymers, and to blends with small sized PMMA or PS particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1444–1455, 2006 相似文献
98.
Electropolymerization of pyrrole on lead substrate electrode was studied. Due to electrochemical activity of Pb in acidic media, this process is only possible at basic pHs. For this purpose, electropolymerization process was performed in an aqueous solution of Na2SO4 with pH 12. Potentiodynamic cycling shows the Pb oxidation at the first cycles. In subsequent cycles, polypyrrole film grows on the oxidized lead substrate. Of course, as the passive film is highly porous, a composite of polypyrrole/PbSO4 is formed in the first layers. However, subsequent cycling leads to the formation of pure polypyrrole film. According to this structure and strong connection of the polymer film to the substrate surface via this composite layer, the polypyrrole film deposited on the lead surface has enhanced mechanical stability. AFM measurements showed peculiar smoothness of both composite and lateral polypyrrole films. This synthesis approach is of particular interest for the preparation of highly stable polymer films and fabrication of supercapacitors with a polymer/PbSO4 conductive structure. 相似文献
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100.
Hongyi Zhou 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2004,92(6):3901-3909
Efforts to evaluate interlayer adhesion of coextruded films are often hampered by the inability to initiate delamination. On the other hand, interlayer delamination was often noticed at cut or trimmed edges of coextruded films. In this study, a test method was developed by first initiating delamination by uniaxial stretching and then measuring interlayer adhesion by peel test. Delamination was initiated by uniaxial stretching under controlled conditions for samples with double‐neck geometry. The double‐neck geometry was designed to create a specimen for the subsequent 180° peel test. Peel force was used to quantify interlayer adhesion of coextruded films based on polycarbonate and its copolymers. With this two‐step technique, coextruded films with peel force as high as 5300 N/m or 30 lb./in. were quantified. In addition, effects of copolymer composition and coextrusion processing condition on interlayer adhesion of these coextruded films were clearly demonstrated. A great deal of variation of interlayer adhesion across film surface was also revealed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3901–3909, 2004 相似文献