硅藻土吸附废水中染料的研究

介绍了硅藻土的物理化学性质、硅藻土的改性方法和对染料的吸附容量,分析了pH值、温度等因素的影响.对硅藻土吸附染料的机理和吸附等温式进行了总结,吸附机理主要以物理吸附为主,吸附一般符合Langmuir等温式或Freundlich等温式.最后对硅藻土在染料废水处理中的应用前景,提出了建议.     

微波无极紫外光-微电解处理废水中铁/炭床的活化处理研究

对在自行设计的微波无极紫外光-微电解处理装置中使用过的铁/炭床,采用微波辐射的方法进行活化,并对活化前后铁/炭床处理废水的效果进行比较研究。结果表明,铁/炭床(以一定的体积比进行混合)初次使用次数为10次(以去除率下降约10％计);经微波活化再生后,使用次数随活化次数增加而减少;可再生的次数为3次,总使用次数为18次。     

Dye-labelled polymer chains at specific sites: Synthesis by living/controlled polymerization

Dye-labelled polymer chains are extremely useful in many fields, such as optical imaging, signal amplification in biological diagnostics, light-harvesting and photochromic materials as well as in fluorescence studies about intra- and inter-molecular polymer chain associations, conformations and dynamics of polymer chains. However, in many cases, it is particularly useful that the dye is localized at a specific site, such as the chain-end or the junction between blocks. With the development of living/controlled polymerization techniques, end- and junction-functionalized polymers can be prepared with controlled molecular weights from a huge variety of monomers. This review highlights the state of the art in the strategies leading to one and only one precisely localized dye per polymer chain. Such dye can be introduced at three different steps of the polymerization: i) at the very beginning via the initiator or a chain transfer agent, ii) during polymerization via a functional monomer or a quencher, or iii) after polymerization via covalent binding of a dye-derivative.     

The wash-off of dyeings using interstitial water: Part 3. Disperse dyes on polyester

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), which had been dyed at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% omf depths of shade using three disperse dyes, was reduction cleared using a traditional, four-stage process that comprised two water rinses at 40 °C, treatment with aq Na₂CO₃/Na₂S₂O₄ at 60 °C and one cold water rinse. A novel, two-stage wash-off method was also employed that consisted of treatment with damp nylon beads and surfactant at 70 °C and one cold water rinse. In terms of fastness to repeated washing at 60 °C and colorimetric characteristics, the traditional, four-stage reduction clearing treatment using aq., alkaline Na₂S₂O₄ could be replaced by the two-stage, bead wash-off with detergent at 70 °C. As the detergent-based, bead wash-off process used lower amounts of water than reduction clearing and did not employ sodium dithionite, it avoided the environmentally unacceptable generation of aromatic amines in the case of the reduction clearing of azo dyes. Calculations indicated that considerably less heat energy was consumed in bead wash-off than reduction clearing not only because two, rather than four stages were involved but also since the bead process used only a 2:1 water:fibre ratio rather than the 20:1 liquor ratio employed in the reduction clear process; also, the much lower specific heat capacity of nylon than water meant that much less heat was required to heat the beads. The beads adsorbed vagrant disperse dye during wash-off, thereby offering the potential of a lower effluent load compared to a traditional reduction clearing treatment for disperse dyes on polyester.     

Effect of an Nb2O5 nanolayer coating on ZnO electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

Nanostructured porous zinc oxide electrodes for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were coated with thin niobium oxide layers by using sol–gel transformation of niobium pentaethoxide in air. Coating solutions were prepared by mixing niobium pentaethoxide and ethanol. A dip-coating technique was adopted at a low withdrawal speed of 100 μm s⁻¹. The coated electrodes were then heat-treated at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C. The presence of niobium in the coated electrodes was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As expected, the niobium oxide layers worked as an energy barrier between the ZnO electrode and electrolyte. Open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of the cells using the coated electrodes was then enhanced up to 0.768 V, which was attributable to the suppression of the recombination of photogenerated electrons with oxidized species in electrolytes. An additional benefit of the coating was that grain growth of ZnO particles in the electrodes was hindered and short-circuit photocurrent density (J_SC) was kept relatively high due to large amounts of adsorbed dye. An overall light-to-electricity conversion efficiency was increased to a maximum of 5.19%, indicating that the proper coating technique was the key for improving the performance of ZnO-based DSSCs.     

The interconnected CaCO3 coated SnO2 nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell with superior performance

Design, Development, fabrication and investigation of the I–V characteristics of the DSSC based on interconnected 15 nm SnO₂ nanoparticles covered with a nano-scale thin layer of CaCO₃ are described. The presence of CaCO₃ has been confirmed by its characteristic XRD pattern and EDX plots. The thickness of the protective layer can be conveniently controlled by the molar ratio of SnO₂:CaCO₃ used in the preparation of the thin film and the optimum conditions for best performance of the DSSC are presented together with possible explanations for the variations observed when the molar ratio is changed. An optimum light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 5.4% in the presence of a layer of CaCO₃ has been obtained which is 3.2 times enhancement over the cell prepared without CaCO₃. The characterization of the surface using different techniques is explained.     

Kinetics,Thermodynamics, and Isothermic Evaluation in Sorption Study of Hazardous Dye Using Sodium Dodecylsulfate Physically Impregnated in Polyester‐Type Polyurethane Foam

Use of polyester‐type polyurethane foam (PUF) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dye: crystal violet (CV) from an aqueous solution. In this adsorption study, the formation of hydrophobic ion pair (opposite charge attraction) between the charged species, i.e., cationic (basic) dye CV and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) sorbed onto PUF. Chemical calculations were performed using quantum simulation to understand ion‐pair formation for CV–SDS at the semiempirical PM6 level. Adsorption studies were performed using 200 mg cylindrical PUF with an overhead stirrer in solutions containing varying compositions of the dye–surfactant mixture. The equilibrium thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process were studies by measuring CV dye removal as a function of time and temperature. Results show that the formation of the dye–surfactant ion pair is necessary for effective adsorption onto PUF. Various adsorption isotherms, viz., Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (DRK), Harkin‐Jura, and several kinetic models, viz., pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich, and Intraparticle diffusion were used to fit the spectrophotometric result. The equilibrium adsorption data fit to the Langmuir isotherm gives the maximum adsorption of PUF as 33.39 mg g^?1 from 200 mL 5.0 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 CV solution at 298.15 K. The kinetics study showed that the overall adsorption process follows pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The Morris–Weber model suggests that an intraparticle diffusion process is active in controlling the adsorption rate. The Freundlich, Temkin, DRK adsorption isotherms showed that solute dye transfers from solution to the PUF adsorbent surface through physical adsorption. The Langmuir and Harkin‐Jura adsorption isotherms suggest that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous in nature. The thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic with a positive enthalpy change and a negative change in Gibb's energy.     

涤棉府绸染色条花疵病的产生和控制

本文分析了T/C府绸集色条花产生的原因。通过工艺条件和操作方法,染色条花疵病得到明显改善。     

真丝绸接枝染色研究

真丝绸经接枝剂CS接枝改性后,丝纤维上引入一些正电荷基团,增加了阴离子染料的染座,提高染料的上染率。同时真丝绸传统用柴林湖蓝5GM等色泽染色,可用价格较低,且日晒牢度较好的直接翠蓝GL代替。从而达到降低生产成本和提高产品质量之目的。     

ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes for fluorescence sensing and dye degradation applications

ZnO–SnO₂ nanocubes were used as promising material for efficient sensing of p-nitrophenol and faster photocatalytic degradations of dyes like methyl orange (MO), methylene Blue (MB) and acid orange 74 (AO74). ZnO–SnO₂ nanocubes were prepared by the facile solution process at 50 °C using Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and SnCl₂·2H₂O as a precursor in the presence of ethylenediammine. The synthesized material was examined for its morphological, structural, crystalline, optical, vibrational, and compositional studies by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. FESEM studies revealed the formation of well-defined ZnO–SnO₂ nanocubes where the structural examinations revealed the formation of a crystalline tetragonal rutile phase for SnO₂ with some crystal sites doped with Zn. The as-synthesized nanocubes were explored for their photocatalytic activities towards three different dye viz. MO, MB, and AO74. Practically, complete degradation of AO74 was seen within 4 minutes of photo-irradiation in the presence of 0.05 g ZnO–SnO₂ nanocubes. However, 97.17% and 41.63% degradations were observed for MB and MO within 15 and 60 minutes, respectively. All the dye degradation processes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, the as-synthesized nanocubes were utilized to fabricate highly sensitive and selective fluorescent chemical sensor for the detection of p-nitrophenol (PNP). ZnO–SnO₂ nanocubes showed a very low detection limit of 4.09 μM for the detection of PNP as calculated according to the 3σ IUPAC criteria. Further, the as-synthesized ZnO–SnO₂ nanotubes were found to be highly selective for p-nitrophenol as compared to the other two isomers.