Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil

Biofuel has so far been backed by government policies in the quest for low carbon fuel in the near future and promises to ensure energy security through partially replacing fossil fuels. At present biodiesel is mostly produced by transesterification reaction from oil-seed feedstock and has to conform to ASTM D6751 specifications. Biodiesel sustainability has sparked debate on the pros and cons of biodiesel and the question of food security. The use of waste cooking oil such as palm and coconut oil in diesel engines is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to ordinary diesel fuel (B0). This paper presents the experimental study carried out to evaluate emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil such as 5% palm oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (P5) and 5% coconut oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (C5). B0 was used for comparison purposes. The results show that there are reductions in brake power of 1.2% and 0.7% for P5 and C5 respectively compared with B0. In addition, reduction of exhaust emissions such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), smoke, carbon mono-oxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) is offered by the blended fuels.     

A study on performance and exhaust emissions of the steam injected DI diesel engine running with different diesel- conola oil methyl ester blends

Although biodiesels have low emission profiles, the main drawback of using biodiesel in diesel engines is higher NOx. Nowadays, the electronic controlled steam injection is a promising method for NOx control. This study investigates the effects of steam injection with diesel fuel-canola oil methyl ester (COME) blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine. Steam is injected into the inlet manifold during inlet period. The combustion of diesel-COME blends has been modeled using two zone combustion model. The results have been compared with each other in terms of performance and emissions. The maximum increments in engine torque and power were measured as 2.5% for 10% COME (B10) at 1200 rpm, 2.8% for 20% COME (B20) at 2200 rpm. The effects of steam injection on performance and emissions of the diesel engine running with B10 and B20 COME blends were also investigated. Satisfaction improvements have been obtained with the combination of steam injection and COME blends. The maximum torque of the engine running with B10 and 10% steam ratio combination (B10 + S10) and B20 and 10% steam ratio combinations (B20 + S10) were found as 2.4% at 1400 rpm and 0.6% at 1400 rpm, respectively. Significant reduction has been observed in NOx emission with B10-S10 combination. The reduction rate in NOx emissions were 22% with B10-S10 and 18% with B20-S10 at 1200 rpm. The study showed that steam injection is an effective tool for controlling NOx emissions without performance degradation in the diesel engines fueled with COME blends.     

车用增压柴油机瞬态性能及排放模拟

为使柴油机排放能够满足越来直工严格的排放法规要求,不仅要研究稳态工况下的排放性能,同时要研究瞬态工况下的排放性能。由于汽车在行驶中工况变化频繁,其排放问题相对稳态工况而言更为严重。作者建立了一个增压柴油机气缸内燃烧的准维模型,将其与增压柴油机瞬态工作过程模型相结合,用来预测增压柴油机瞬态工况下的综合性能及排放变化规律,根据所建模型编制了模块化的鬃态性能模拟程序,通过计算,表明此程序有较好的预测能力,并且有较强的通用性,易于扩充,修改和继承。     

燃油喷射正时对直喷式天然气发动机性能的影响

使用快速压缩装置研究了燃油喷射正时对直喷式天然气发动机性能的影响。研究结果表明,提早喷射（喷射正时60ms)会降低燃烧初期放热速率而增加后期放热速率;推迟喷射（喷射正时75ms)会增加燃烧初期放热速率而降低后期放热速率;在喷射持续期结束时（喷射正时80ms)点火放热持续期最短;提早喷射增加火焰发展期而推迟喷射会增加后燃期;在当量比相同且大于0.8的条件下,提早喷射会产生相对量低的CO,而推迟喷射会产生相对量高的CO;在当量比为0.6-0.8时,不同喷射正时条件下NOx均较高,喷射推迟NOx降低;在当量比为0.5-0.8时,燃烧效率较高,当量比小于0.5或大于0.8时燃烧效率都会降低。     

Chirping techniques for enhancing the performance of SOA-based UWB over fiber systems: An experimental demonstration

A phaser-based processing technique was adopted in an UWB over fiber system employing SOA. The target is to simultaneously reduce the ASE noise impact and nonlinear effects inherent to optical amplification. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of chirping in terms of cross correlation and bit error rate.     

浅析汽油车排放污染物的检测方法

汽车的排放污染物中含有多种有害物质，因此各国都在不断地研究更科学、更有效的检测方法，以便在此基础上探寻更有效的控制污染的策略，本文根据我国现行有效的国家标准详细地阐述了在用汽油车排放检测的怠速法、双怠速法、稳态工况法、简易瞬态工况法和瞬态工况法，并分析了各种方法的特点及适应性。     

YC6A220C柴油机进气预混甲醇气助燃的排放特性研究

针对柴油机排放工况特性,在不改变YC6A220C柴油机结构和参数的基础上,从排气管道引出高温尾气裂解甲醇气并通入柴油机进气管混合燃烧.通过对比柴油机在各工况下掺烧甲醇裂解气运行与纯柴油(0号柴油)运行实验,研究了共轨燃烧甲醇裂解气时YC6A220C柴油机的排放特性.研究结果表明,预混裂解气的发动机与原机相比,NOX与碳烟排放大幅度改善,HC排放也有明显降低,CO排放略有上升.在高负荷时,NOX排放可降低32.4%,碳烟排放可降低41.6%.     

Flow patterns in granulating systems

Particle flow patterns were investigated for wet granulation and dry powder mixing in ploughshare mixers using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). In a 4-l mixer, calcium carbonate with mean size 45 μm was granulated using a 50 wt.% solution of glycerol and water as binding fluid, and particle movement was followed using a 600-μm calcium hydroxy-phosphate tracer particle. In a 20-l mixer, dry powder flow was studied using a 600-μm resin bead tracer particle to simulate the bulk polypropylene powder with mean size 600 μm. Important differences were seen between particle flow patterns for wet and dry systems. Particle speed relative to blade speed was lower in the wet system than in the dry system, with the ratios of average particle speed to blade tip speed for all experiments in the range 0.01–0.25. In the axial plane, the same particle motion was observed around each blade; this provides a significant advance for modelling flow in ploughshare mixers. For the future, a detailed understanding of the local velocity, acceleration and density variations around a plough blade will reveal the effects of flow patterns in granulating systems on the resultant distribution of granular product attributes such as size, density and strength.     

基于独立分量分析的金属腐蚀声发射信号处理

介绍了独立分量分析的基本原理和以峭度为目标函数的独立分量提取算法的梯度算法,并通过实例说明了利用独立分量分析对金属腐蚀过程声发射信号进行分析的方法,验证了独立分量分析技术在声发射信号分析方面的优越性和实用性,表明独立分量分析在声发射信号处理等领域有着巨大的应用潜力。     

A fundamental study on the control of the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined with controllable EGR. Part 1. The basic characteristics of HCCI combustion

This article investigates the basic combustion parameters including start of the ignition timing, burn duration, cycle-to-cycle variation, and carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), and nitric oxide (NO_x) emissions of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines fueled with primary reference fuels (PRFs) and their mixtures. Two primary reference fuels, n-heptane and iso-octane, and their blends with RON25, RON50, RON75, and RON90 were evaluated. The experimental results show that, in the first-stage combustion, the start of ignition retards, the maximum heat release rate decreases, and the pressure rising and the temperature rising during the first-stage combustion decrease with the increase of the research octane number (RON). Furthermore, the cumulative heat release in the first-stage combustion is strongly dependent on the concentration of n-heptane in the mixture. The start of ignition of the second-stage combustion is linear with the start of ignition of the first-stage. The combustion duration of the second-stage combustion decreases with the increase of the equivalence ration and the decrease of the octane number. The cycle-to-cycle variation improved with the decrease of the octane number.