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31.
This paper presents the current understanding of the flame retardant mechanism of Casico?. The study includes the flame retardant effect of each individual component: ethylene–acrylate copolymer, chalk and silicone elastomer, as well as the formation of an intumescent structure during heating. The flame retardant properties were investigated by cone calorimetry and oxygen index tests. To obtain insight into the flame retardant mechanism, heat treatment under different conditions has also been performed. The results indicate that the flame retardant mechanism of Casico is complex and is related to a number of reactions, e.g. ester pyrolysis of acrylate groups, formation of carbon dioxide by reaction between carboxylic acid and chalk, ionomer formation and formation of an intumescent structure stabilized by a protecting char. Special emphasis is given to the formation of the intumescent structure and its molecular structure as evaluated from 13C MAS‐NMR and 29Si MAS‐NMR, ESCA and XRD analysis. After treatment at 500°C the intumescent structure consists mainly of silicon oxides and calcium carbonate and after treatment at 1000°C the intumescent structure consists of calcium silicate, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
Masaru Kadoshima Masahiko HirataniYasuhiro Shimamoto Kazuyoshi ToriiHiroshi Miki Shinichiro KimuraToshihide Nabatame 《Thin solid films》2003,424(2):224-228
We investigated rutile-type titanium dioxide (TiO2) films for possible use as a high-k gate insulator. The TiO2 thin films were directly deposited on Si substrates using a RF magnetron sputtering method with a sintered oxide target. A single phase of rutile-type TiO2 whose dielectric constant of approximately 75 was obtained when the film was deposited in an inert gas atmosphere and annealed at 800 °C in an oxidizing gas atmosphere. The oxygen ions were deficient in the as-deposited film, and consequently, a sufficient oxygen supply was needed to crystallize the film to a single phase of rutile during the post-annealing. However, the interfacial SiO2 layer between the TiO2 and the Si substrate simultaneously grew thicker than 2 nm. As the interfacial SiO2 grew, the leakage current was decreased and the equivalent oxide thickness was increased, in the Au/rutile-type TiO2/Si capacitor. Therefore, we concluded that the growth of the interfacial SiO2 layer thicker than 2 nm is inevitable to form the single phase of rutile-type TiO2 and to decrease the leakage. 相似文献
33.
This paper reports a method to produce networks of crystalline gallium oxide comprised of one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Because of the unique arrangement of wires, these crystalline networks are termed as ‘nanowebs’. Nanowebs are of great technological interest since they contain wire densities of the order of 109 cm–2. A possible mechanism for the fast self‐assembly of crystalline metal oxide nanowires involves multiple nucleation and coalescence via oxidation–reduction reactions at the molecular level. The preferential growth of nanowires parallel to the substrate enabled them to coalesce into regular polygonal networks. The individual segments of the polygonal network consist of both nanowires and nanotubules of β‐gallium oxide. Individual wire properties contribute to a nanoweb’s overall capacity and the implications for devices based on nanowebs are expected to be enormous. 相似文献
34.
Min-Seok Park Vladislav P. Vislovskiy Jong-San Chang Yong-Gun Shul Jin S. Yoo Sang-Eon Park 《Catalysis Today》2003,87(1-4):205-212
Alumina-supported vanadium oxide, VOx/Al2O3, and binary vanadium–antimony oxides, VSbOx/Al2O3, have been tested in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation with carbon dioxide and characterized by SBET, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and CO2 pulse methods. VSbOx/Al2O3 exhibited enhanced catalytic activity and especially on-stream stability compared to VOx/Al2O3 catalyst. Incorporation of antimony into VOx/Al2O3 increased dispersion of active VOx species, enhanced redox properties of the systems and formed a new mixed vanadium–antimony oxide phase in the most catalytically efficient V0.43Sb0.57Ox/Al2O3 system. 相似文献
35.
Properties and Performance of Cation-Doped Ceria Electrolyte Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher Milliken Sivaraman Guruswamy Ashok Khandkar 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(10):2479-2486
Cation-doped CeO2 electrolyte has been evaluated in single-cell and short-stack tests in solid oxide fuel cell environments and applications. These results, along with conductivity measurements, indicate that an ionic transference number of ∼0.75 can be expected at 800°C. Single cells have shown a power density >350 mW/cm2 . Multicell stacks have demonstrated a peak performance of >100 mW/cm2 at 700°C using metallic separators. 相似文献
36.
超细铁粉和氧化铁颗粒的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
用透射电镜和图像分析仪等研究了超细铁粉和γ-Fe_2O_3粉末的结构、形貌、粒子的平均尺寸以及粒度分布。研究结果表明,多数超细铁粉粒子近似呈球形,并且,铁粉粒子由两相组成,粒子的核心部分是金屑a-Fe,表面的包裹层为氧化物层,它由Fe_3O_4和7-Fe_O_3的混合物组成。氧化层的平均厚度大约占整个粒子直径的20%左右。羰基铁粉粒子(含氧化层)的平均直径为16nm。直径在4~24nm范围的粒子数占总粒子数的91%,而7-Fe_2O_3粉末既有雪茄状粒子,也有小球状粒子。分析表明,球状粒子的平均直径为113nm,雪茄状粒子的平均直径(按<长 宽>/2计算)为148nm。由于超细铁粉粒子很细,且有磁性,制备电镜试样时分散比较困难。本文比较了几种分散方法后,使用了一种较好的分散方法——超声喷管分散法。 相似文献
37.
V. N. Parmon 《Catalysis Letters》1996,36(3-4):195-199
A series of vanadium-tin mixed oxide catalysts have been prepared by the solid-state reaction of V2O5 and SnO2 at 1250°C. The fresh and the used catalysts have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). High temperature oxygen chemisorption (HTOC) has been employed to titrate the coordinatively unsaturated vanadia sites. Ammoxidation of mesitylene has been carried out on these catalysts and an optimum composition of vanadium is arrived at. Better yields of tricyanobenzene (TCB) compared to literature values are obtained. A good correlation between the oxygen uptake and the TCB yield extends the applicability of HTOC to the fused oxide system.IICT Communication No. 3507. 相似文献
38.
39.
In this work we investigated the mechanism of the electrochemical intercalation reactions in rf sputtered nickel oxide thin films electrodes by two techniques: mechanical stress change measurements by means of an optical technique and mass changes using an electrochemical quartz microbalance (EQCM). The experiments were performed in alkaline electrolytes containing cations of the first column of the periodic table. Reversible mass and volume changes were observed. In order to explain these experimental results, an exchange reaction is proposed, in which the oxidation process is accompanied by the deinteractional of a relative large number of “light” cations, simultaneously with the intercalation of a smaller number of heaviest cations. 相似文献
40.
It is shown that steady-state kinetic data do not allow the discrimination between the redox and associated mechanisms of the partial oxidation reactions. A discrimination between these mechanisms was performed using transient experiments. The obtained rate expressions are in agreement with experimental kinetic data for catalytic partial oxidation of o-xylene.
An influence of the conjugate oxidation of a catalyst surface on dynamics and kinetics of the heterogeneous catalytic oxidative reactions is considered. Computing simulation of methane oxidative coupling of methane reaction at lowered temperature and elevated pressure has been performed. It showed that the reaction order with respect to oxygen exceeding unity is consistent with the chain branching mechanism of the reaction in the presence of TiSi2 and TiB2 and showed the important role of the branching chain cycles in the low-temperature OCM reaction at elevated pressure. 相似文献