Feed water cooler to increase evaporation range in MSF plants

Multistage flash (MSF) desalination is the most widely used process to provide potable water. In MSF plants, water starts to evaporate in the top stage at a temperature set by the scale prevention techniques and stops at the bottom stage whose temperature is controlled by the feed water conditions. Increasing the difference between these two temperatures elongates the span along which evaporation occurs (evaporation range) and therefore increases the mass of the fresh water produced. This paper suggests installing a cooling system at the seawater intake in order to reduce the feed water temperature, and hence the temperature of the last stage. This technique leads to increasing the evaporation range without exceeding the conventional limits of top brine temperature and eliminates the effects of seasonal climatic changes. Moreover, the proposed scheme is a suitable arrangement to improve the water production from dual-purpose plants since the power needed to operate the cooling system is available on the same site. An improvement in the yield by 1.4–1.84% for every 1 °C reduction in the feed temperature can be achieved at the expense of a less than 0.2% of the power produced by the expansion of the heating steam.     

Predictions of turbulent flow and heat transfer in gas–droplets flow downstream of a sudden pipe expansion

Droplets-laden turbulent flow downstream of a sudden pipe expansion has been investigated by using Euler/Euler two-fluid model for the gaseous and dispersed phases. Significant increase of heat transfer in separated flow at the adding of evaporating droplets has been demonstrated (more than 2 times compare with one-phase flow at the value of mass concentration of droplets M_L1  0.05). Addition of dispersed phase to the turbulent gas flow results in insignificant increase of the reattachment length. Low-inertia droplets (d₁  50 μm) are well entrained into the circulation flow and present over the whole pipe section. Large particles (d₁ ≈ 100 μm) go through the shear layer not getting into the detached area. Comparison with experimental data on separated gas–droplets flows behind the plane backward-facing step has been carried out.     

Electrochemical behavior of carbon-nanotube/cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoflake multilayer films

A new type of multilayer films consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoflakes (CoOOHNFs) are developed by alternately electrostatic self-assembly and electrodeposition technique, respectively. The successful growth of multilayer films composed of MWCNT and CoOOHNF are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The multilayer film electrode is investigated for use in a supercapacitor with cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments. Experimental studies reveal that coatings of MWCNT/CoOOHNF on ITO glass present excellent electrochemical capacitance with specific capacitance being 389 F g⁻¹. The overall improved electrochemical behavior is accounted for the unique structure design in the multilayer films in terms of effective micro-porous nanostructure, large specific surface-area and good electrical conductance.     

不同缝面形态下诱导缝开裂效果对比研究

一些采用径向扭缝的碾压混凝土拱坝工程中,出现了诱导缝周边坝体混凝土开裂而诱导缝本身未张开的现象,因此需定量分析不同空间形态缝面对诱导缝开裂的影响效果。根据碾压混凝土拱坝应力变化特点以及诱导缝开裂变化规律,本文拟定含不同缝面空间形态的有限大平板和圆筒拱坝算例,利用虚拟裂纹闭合法和Richard脆性断裂准则获取空间缝面等效应力强度因子,研究缝面应力强度因子随缝面夹角的变化规律;通过对归一化后的应力强度因子求倒数,获取不同缝面夹角条件下诱导缝等效强度的修正系数即缝面空间形态影响因子,以反映不同缝面空间形态下诱导缝开裂效果。研究表明,随着缝面夹角的不断增大,缝面越不容易张开,这就意味着缝面的等效强度在逐渐增大。因此,在实际碾压混凝土拱坝设计中,诱导缝应尽量采用竖向垂直缝布置;若要布置成径向扭缝,则缝面夹角最大不宜超过10°。     

Heat and mass transport performance of MHD elastico-viscous fluid flow over a vertically oriented magnetized surface with magnetic and thermo diffusions

The key objective in this study is to examine the heat and mass transport behavior of magnetohydrodynamic elastic-viscous fluid flow over a vertically oriented magnetized surface placed in a uniform permeable regime with magnetic and thermo diffusions. The fluid is partially ionized and permeated to flow in the presence of a strong magnetic field domain. Hence the Hall current effect is considered in this investigation. The significance of rotation and induced magnetic field on the flowing nature are also scrutinized in this study. The mathematical model of the problem is converted to a similar model by introducing suitable nondimensional variables. To obtain the closed-form solutions of the flow leading equations, the regular perturbation analysis is utilized. For the exhibition of results, figures and tables are generated with the assistance of scientific computation software MATHEMATICA. Computed results are validated with the existing result in the limiting case. Such an investigation is important in evaluating the flow characteristics of low magnetic diffusive viscoelastic fluid. A noteworthy result seen is that magnetic diffusion significantly controls the fluid flow by altering the magnetic drag force. Mass diffusion factor brings an increase in the fluid velocity. Furthermore, we observed that the surface current density along the principal flow direction is significantly reduced by magnetic diffusion and mass diffusion factor.     

考虑阻尼比的Spar式浮式风力机基础结构涡激运动特性研究

利用数值模拟方法对不同阻尼比条件下Spar式浮式风力机基础结构进行涡激运动特性的研究.从涡激运动响应幅值、频率比、位移、升力及拖曳力等方面研究Spar式浮式风力基础结构涡激运动的关键特性.研究表明:涡激运动上端分支对应的频率比为fy/fn≈1,且该分支出现最大幅值.随着阻尼比的增大,上端分支约化速度范围有减小趋势.低阻...     

自组装构筑MgO改性生物质炭及其磷吸附性能研究

为了提升MgO改性生物质炭的磷吸附能力,文章以花生壳为载体,利用碱式碳酸镁前驱体自组装-热解技术制备了结构有序的花瓣状MgO改性生物质炭吸附剂(FMgO-BC)。采用SEM,EDS,XRD,IR和TG表征了制备的FMgO-BC的物相结构与表面形貌,并研究了水解温度和Mg;浓度对FMgO-BC吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,当水解温度为80℃,Mg²⁺浓度为0.6 mg/L时,FMgO-BC的吸附性能最优。文章还探究了FMgO-BC在不同pH值和加入量条件下的等温吸附模型和吸附动力学,研究结果表明,FMgO-BC的磷吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附模型符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,理论最大吸附量为2221.89 mg/g,优于目前报道的MgO改性生物质炭的磷吸附性能。     

循环流化床锅炉引风机常见故障原因分析及对策

分析引风机在运行中的常见故障,具体有振动大、轴承温度高、旋转失速与喘振、严重时还会发生叶片飞出和烧坏轴承等事故。针对此类故障现象进行原因分析,结合实际经验提出了针对性的改进意见及防范措施。     

微生物处理砂土不排水循环三轴剪切CFD-DEM模拟

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积是一种新型的地基处理技术,处理后的土体可以看成一种结构性土。首先,在已有三维含颗粒抗转动和抗扭转模型及三维胶结破坏准则的基础上,通过考虑颗粒碰撞接触过程中颗粒本身的塑性变形及率相关性的接触黏滞阻尼,建立考虑循环荷载作用下的三维胶结模型;然后,参考已有研究,建立了反硝化反应在加固砂土中的时效性关系。并引入CFD-DEM耦合程序,用以模拟分析不同胶结含量以及不同气泡含量下,微生物处理砂土在固结不排水循环剪切试验中的力学特性;最后,从宏微观角度分析生物胶结与生物气泡对砂土抗液化性能的影响及其作用机理。研究表明,胶结和气泡共同存在对抗液化能力的提升并没有起到“1+1=2”的效果;胶结的存在提高了非饱和砂土的抗液化能力,明显抑制孔压比和轴向应变的发展,力学配位数得到了提升;而气泡的存在却降低了胶结砂土的抗液化能力,使得胶结砂土达到初始液化的振次减少,轴向应变向受拉方向大幅增长,力学配位数下降明显。     

Review: Alternatives to synthetic fungicides for Botrytis cinerea management in vineyards

Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr), the causal agent of botrytis bunch rot, is an important disease of grapevines worldwide, with canopy management and the prophylactic use of fungicides being the most common control methods. The latter has resulted in fungicide resistance and is increasingly raising concerns regarding residues in wine and effects on human and environmental health. Research-led alternatives to this practice are beginning to emerge, including a range of biotic and abiotic treatments that induce vine resistance to B. cinerea and inundative applications of biological control agents such as Trichoderma, Bacillus, Ulocladium and Streptomyces species. Also, habitat manipulation techniques that aim to improve the effectiveness of naturally occurring biological control are being developed using mulches brought into the vineyard, as well as mulched cover crops. These can accelerate decomposition of botrytis mycelium and sclerotia on the vineyard floor in winter. The challenges of these different techniques and the prospects for habitat manipulation for this fungal disease are discussed. Extensive tables on synthetic fungicides, biofungicides, essential oils and plant extracts effective against B. cinerea are included.