Local orders,lattice distortions,and electronic structure dominated mechanical properties of (ZrHfTaM1M2)C (M = Nb,Ti, V)

High-entropy carbides (HECs) are regarded as potential candidate structural materials with attractive mechanical properties due to their ultra-high hardness. It is essential to reveal the atomic and electronic basis for strengthening mechanism in order to develop the advanced HECs. In the present work, C (M = Nb, Ti, V) are selected as case studies. The effects of transition metals (M) on the lattice parameters, bulk modulus, enthalpy of formation, electron work function (EWF), and bonding morphology/strength of HECs are comprehensively studied by first-principles calculations. It is found that the lattice parameters, equilibrium volumes, and bulk modulus of HECs are improved with the increase of M atomic volumes. The atomic-size differences among various groups of elements not only result in the lattice mismatch/distortion but also contribute to the formation of weak spots. In the view of bonding charge density, the electron redistributions caused by the coupling effect of the lattice distortion and valance electron differences can be revealed obviously, which identify the different bonding strength. Moreover, in terms of EWF, the proposed power-law-scaled hardness of HECs is validated and matches well with those reported theoretical and experimental results, providing a strategy to design advanced HECs with excellent mechanical properties.     

The role of calcium ions and lignosulphonate plasticiser in the hydration of cement

Experiments involving equilibrium dialysis, conductivity, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) have been carried out to investigate the role of calcium ions and polymeric plasticisers in cement/admixture hydration. Results from a study of lignosulphonic acid, sodium salt, acetate as a plasticiser shows that a plasticiser has dual role; one mainly as a kinetic inhibitor (poison) in cement hydration mechanism and the other as a dispersant. Evidence of a weak Ca²⁺ binding to lignosulphonate sulphonic moieties was found at low ionic strengths of 0.1 M using ITC. No evidence of formal Ca²⁺ binding to lignosulphonate sulphonic acid moieties was found using equilibrium dialysis at higher ionic strength of 1 M (ionic strengths of 0.4 M are typically found in Portland cement pore solution), as is often suggested in cement/admixture literature.     

以实例为切入点的高职物联网应用技术专业教育第一课

物联网技术发展迅速,但高职物联网应用技术专业教育尚处于初期,因而科学、直观、紧扣实际、有效激发学生专业学习的第一课尤为重要。以物联网应用技术实例为专业教育切入点,采用阶梯式递进的方法带领学生走进物联网,感知物联网,从而充分调动学生专业学习积极性,更好地让学生了解专业人才定位,明确学习目标和就业方向,为整个物联网应用技术专业教育打下坚实基础。     

煤矸石对硅酸盐水泥水化历程的影响

从强度、反应程度、孔溶液碱度和SEM等方面,研究了煤矸石作为水泥辅助胶凝材料的水化情况,并与Ⅱ级粉煤灰进行比较。试验结果表明:煤矸石发生火山灰反应时间比粉煤灰早,且发生火山灰反应所需的碱度值比粉煤灰低;掺煤矸石水泥水化样的早期抗压强度比粉煤灰水泥水化样低,但7d到28d强度增长速率明显大于相同掺量的粉煤灰水泥,相同28d抗压强度的条件下,煤矸石掺量比粉煤灰的掺量高10%。     

环保吸声材料的发展动态及展望

分析了吸声材料的吸声原理，介绍了它的发类、基本特点、用途及其研究发展情况。并介绍了很有发展有环保新材料。     

Bare necessities: the argument for a ‘revenge porn’ exception in Section 230 immunity

‘Revenge porn’ is the online posting of nude or sexually explicit photographs or videos of a former lover without his or her consent. Despite the malicious intent behind revenge porn, victims are provided with little to no relief due to Section 230 of the Federal Communications Decency Act, also known as the ‘Good Samaritan’ provisions. Section 230 unambiguously provides blanket immunity for website operators and Internet service providers that feature user-generated content, including revenge porn.

In Section 1, I discuss the purpose of Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act. In Section 2, I analyze the legal impact of the blanket immunity established in Section 230. In Section 3, I examine the potential remedies already in existence for revenge porn victims and highlight their inadequacies. In Section 4, I argue Congress should create a narrow exception to Section 230 immunity specifically geared toward revenge porn. The exception would establish a definition of revenge porn, which would prevent over-deterrence. Additionally, the exception would institute a takedown procedure similar to the process found in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. In creating a narrow exception, the spirit of Section 230 will remain while also providing adequate legal relief for victims of revenge porn.     

基于宇宙计算的图形处理器算法实现

下一代观测望远镜将会产生数以亿计的星系测量数据值,这将导致使用中央处理器处理数据时效率低下、成本较高。为了解决这一问题,提出了基于宇宙计算的图形处理器算法。研究了两点式角相关函数以及孔径质量统计这两种宇宙学的计算方法,构建算法代码,并使用统一计算设备架构在图形处理器上实现了这两种算法;比较了算法在中央处理器和图形处理器上使用的运行速度。实验结果表明,与中央处理器相比,使用图形处理器的计算速度得到了显著提高。     

Studies on fluorinated polyurethanes by X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations with periodic boundary conditions

Thin-film wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, and density functional theory calculations using B3LYP hybrid functional with the two-dimensional periodic boundary conditions (2D-PBC) have been applied to study the crystal structures of parent and fluorinated polyurethanes. The crystal structures from 2D-PBC-B3LYP calculation and experiments showed the hard-segment chains within crystallites adopted an extended-chain conformation for polyurethanes. Energetically, the parent polyurethane preferred an alternating hydrogen-bonded sheet structure while the fluorinated one adopted a progressive hydrogen-bonded sheet structure.     

An improved prediction result of entropic‐FV model for vapor–liquid equilibria of solvent–polymer systems

In this work, entropic expressions of UNIFAC‐FV and Entropic‐FV models were evaluated by using an extensive database of infinite dilution vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of athermal systems containing polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyisobutylene. For the infinite dilution athermal systems, performance of the Entropic‐FV model was better than that of the UNIFAC‐FV model. Then, finite concentration VLE data of non‐athermal systems that consisted of 16 polymers and 36 solvents containing a large variety of solvent–polymer systems ranging from nonpolar to polar substances were considered to optimized 46 pairs of group interaction parameters of the Entropic‐FV model. For systems containing polar solvents of three types of solvents studied, revised group interaction parameters gave significant improvements from 17.9 to 13.0% average absolute deviation (AAD) of solvent activities. For overall results, improvements were achieved from 15.1 to 12.4% AAD. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1145–1153, 2005     

PROCESS CONTROL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY: INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTO SEMICONDUCTOR AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative provides an unprecedented opportunity for chemical engineers to play significant roles in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, the authors provide their perspectives on (1) the need for chemical engineering principles in pharmaceutical development for a thorough process understanding; (2) applications of chemical engineering principles to meet the challenges from the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries; and (3) the integration of chemical engineering practice into the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries to achieve process understanding and the desired state of quality-by-design. A real-world case study from the semiconductor industry is presented to demonstrate how a classic chemical engineering concept, mixing homogeneity, can be implemented by inducing forced flow to ensure an excellent copper electrochemical plating process performance and to improve product quality substantially. Further, a case study of brake system design is discussed with the concept of Dr. Taguchi's robust engineering design to illustrate how quality-by-design can be achieved through appropriate experimental design, in conjunction with the discussion on the concept of quality-by-design in pharmaceuticals. Third, a case study of freeze-dried sodium ethacrynate is presented to demonstrate the vital importance of controlling the processing factors to achieve the desired product stability. Finally, the problems of the current pharmaceutical manufacturing mode, the opportunities and engineering challenges during implementation of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry, and the role of chemical engineering in implementation of PAT is discussed in detail.