大庆油田聚合物驱油矿场试验动态反映特点

本文对大庆油田聚合物驱油矿场试验中所获得的资料进行了综合分析,揭示了聚合物注入过程中的压力变化规律、聚合物在油层中的流动行为及聚合物驱油效果反映特点,从而深化了对聚合物驱油机理的认识,对今后聚合物驱油方案设计、动态分析及效果评价具有指导作用。     

井口注入参数对CO_2注入井井底温度、压力影响研究

CO2驱既可以提高原油采收率又可以实现CO2气体的埋存,是目前国内外研究较多的驱油技术。对于CO2驱,一个重要工作就是根据油藏工程设计的井底压力通过井筒计算来优选井口注入参数,从而为注入井设计提供理论依据。目前CO2注入井筒温度、压力剖面计算主要将井筒中的CO2考虑为单一相态进行计算,因而计算结果精度较差。若将井筒中CO2的相态变化加以考虑,建立计算模型,对实例井进行计算。计算结果与实测结果对比显示模型计算精度较高。在此基础上,对注入温度、注入量等CO2井口注入参数进行了敏感性分析,结果表明,二者对CO2注入井井底温度、压力均有一定影响。     

Pore-network modeling of liquid water flow in gas diffusion layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Fluid flow through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of fuel cells is numerically studied using a pore network modeling approach. The model is developed based on an experimental visualization technique (fluorescence microscopy). The images obtained from this technique are analyzed to find patterns of flow inside the GDL samples with different hydrophobicity. Three different flow patterns are observed: initial invasion, progression, and pore-filling. The observation shows that liquid water flows into the majority of available pores on the boundary of the untreated GDL and several branches are segregated from the initial pathways. For the treated GDL, however, a handful of boundary pores are invaded and the original pathways extend toward the other side of the medium with minimum branching. The numerical model, developed based on an invasion percolation algorithm, is used to study the effects of GDL hydrophobicity and thickness on the flow configuration and breakthrough time as well as to determine the flow rate and saturation in different GDL samples. During the injection of water into the samples, it is numerically shown that the flow rates are monotonically decreasing for both treated and untreated samples. For the treated sample, however, the injection flow rate is constantly lower than that of the untreated sample, resulting in a lower overall water saturation at breakthrough. The numerical results also suggest that hydrophobic treatment of thick samples has minor effects on water management and overall performance. The developed model can be used to optimize the GDL properties for designing porous medium with effective transport characteristics.     

A novel unified correlation model using ensemble support vector regression for prediction of flooding velocity in randomly packed towers

Traditional empirical correlations and models have found insufficient to predict the flooding velocity accurately mainly because there are many kinds of random packings which exhibit different characteristics. In this work, a novel data-driven modeling method, i.e. ensemble least squares support vector regression (ELSSVR), is proposed to construct a unified correlation for prediction of the flooding velocity for packed towers with random packings. The flooding data are first clustered into several classes by the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Then, several single LSSVR models can be trained using each sub-class of samples to capture the special characteristics. Moreover, a weighted least squares approach is adopted to integrate these single LSSVR models. Consequently, the ELSSVR model can extract the feature information of flooding data effectively and improve the prediction performance. The proposed ELSSVR method is applied to construct a unified correlation for prediction of the flooding velocity in randomly packed towers. The obtained results for several kinds of random packings demonstrate that the ELSSVR-based correlation can obtain better prediction performance, compared with the traditional semi-empirical correlations and artificial neural networks-based models. Finally, a database containing the modeling information of flooding velocity in randomly packed towers of China is provided for academic research.     

Dynamic Profile Monitoring for Flooding Prognosis in Packed Columns

In the chemical industry, real‐time flooding prognosis is a necessity for packed‐column operation because the flooding phenomenon interferes with the performance of production systems. In this work, the profile monitoring technique is utilized to capture the dynamic behavior of pressure drop, which is an important indicator for the flooding phenomenon. In each moving window, the pressure drop signals are described by using an exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model. The onset of the flooding phenomenon is then indicated by changes in model parameters. Moreover, to efficiently capture the process change, a nonparametric approach is utilized to establish a statistical control chart. Experimental and comparison results show the advantages of the proposed method.     

Effect of gas properties on the onset of flooding in small diameter inclined tubes

This work concerns the effect of gas phase properties on incipient flooding in counter-current gas–liquid two-phase flow in small diameter inclined tubes (D < 10 mm). The aim is to propose generalized correlations that can be used to predict incipient flooding in small diameter tubes. Experiments were performed in a 7 mm glass tube and at two inclination angles, i.e. 30 and 60° from the horizontal, using water as liquid phase and atmospheric air, He and CO₂ as gas phase. Previously proposed correlations for flooding prediction ( Pantzali et al., 2008) were suitably adjusted to incorporate the effect of gas phase properties. It has been proved that the flooding curves calculated using the proposed correlations are in good agreement with both the results of the present study and relevant literature data.     

灌区闸门量水试验研究

为了解决灌区闸门量水公式适用环境苛刻,量水精度偏差大的问题,在量水试验研究中引入自动控制技术,经过负反馈系统调节闸门开度。本文通过大量的数据统计,进行人工智能流态分析,将平均淹没深度与误差建立联系,寻找不同系数下的误差修正方法,同时也依据当前环境状态进行调整,最终将测量误差控制在5%以内。与传统人工调节方法相比,人工智能的引入增强了量水试验的工程应用性,同时提高了水工建筑物量水的灵活性和适用范围。     

Measurement of liquid water content in cathode gas diffusion electrode of polymer electrolyte fuel cell

Water management in cathode gas diffusion electrode (GDE) of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is essential for high performance operation, because liquid water condensed in porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) and catalyst layer (CL) blocks oxygen transport to active reaction sites. In this study, the average liquid water content inside the cathode GDE of a low-temperature PEFC is experimentally and quantitatively estimated by the weight measurement, and the relationship between the water accumulation rate in the cathode GDE and the cell voltage is investigated. The liquid water behavior at the cathode is also visualized using an optical diagnostic, and the effects of operating conditions and GDL structures on the water transport in the cathode GDE are discussed. It is found that the liquid water content in the cathode GDE increases remarkably after starting the fuel cell operation due to the water production at the CL. At a high current density, the cell voltage drops suddenly after starting the operation in spite of a low water content in the cathode GDE. When the GDL thickness is increased, much water accumulates near the cathode CL and the fuel cell shuts down immediately after the operation. In the final section of this paper, the structure of cathode GDL that has several grooves for water removal is proposed to prevent water flooding and improve fuel cell performance. This groove structure is effective to promote the removal of the liquid water accumulated near the active catalyst sites.     

低渗断块油藏二氧化碳驱油实践

草舍油田泰州组油藏为低渗断块油藏,在二氧化碳驱油实践过程中,通过二氧化碳驱油机理、油藏适应性评价、驱油物理模拟、数值模拟等研究,优化了苏北盆地草舍油田泰州组油藏二氧化碳混相驱油方案及注入参数,方案实施取得了显著的增产效果,截止2011年底,已累积注入二氧化碳7380×104m3,油藏日产油由48t升至85t,综合含水由56.4%降为33.7%,增油5.6×104t,评价期末比水驱采收率提高16.8个百分点。该油藏二氧化碳驱油成功实践,为同类油藏大幅度提高采收率提供了方法技术借鉴。     

双河油田437Ⅱ4-6区块分子膜驱油效率的实验研究

利用砂岩的静电吸附在固液界面形成分子膜,从而改变界面的润湿性,驱替出小孔中的残余油,提高驱油效率。对双河油田分子膜提高采收率进行实验,结果表明：分子膜驱油在原来水驱基础上提高驱油效率10%以上,完全满足现场要求。