Energy Aspects in Drying

The energy performance of a dryer and a drying process is characterized by various indices such as volumetric evaporation rate, steam consumption, unit heat consumption and energy (thermal) efficiency. Of all indices, energy efficiency is the most frequently quoted, in technical specifications. A thorough analysis of available information, including the Handbook of Industrial Drying, points to the inconsistency of terminology, definition and data interpretation. Thus, reported data on energy efficiency vary significantly and frequently contradict both drying theory and industrial practice. To establish a common platform to deal with energy issues, this article provides a concise overview of the most common definitions of energy efficiency, along with a critical review of the published data. A need for energy audit and benchmarking is pointed out. To eliminate shortcomings of the energy efficiency as a lumped parameter, and to allow analysis of energy consumption over time (batch drying) or distance (continuous drying), instantaneous and cumulative indices are proposed. Using these indices, the energy performance of selected dryers is examined, and possible modifications to dryer design and operating parameters are indicated in order to reduce the overall energy consumption.     

关于煤炭硫分分级的探讨

根据国家质量技术监督局的计划安排,国家标准GB／T15224－1994《煤炭质量分级》需要修订。本文主要讨论“煤炭硫分分级”方面的内容。     

高炉喷煤技术与炼焦工业

本文论述了国内外高炉喷煤技术的发展，以及对炼焦工业的影响，最后，展望了我国高炉喷煤技术发展的前景。     

A_1-A_2-O-M工艺处理焦化废水的实验研究

采用厌氧-缺氧-好氧-复合(A1-A2-O-M)工艺处理焦化废水,考察了外加碳源和碱源对焦化废水COD和NH4+-N脱除效果的影响。试验结果表明:外加甲醇和碳酸氢钠对焦化废水的硝化和反硝化效果影响很小;不外加碳源和碱源时,焦化废水经处理后出水的COD和NH4+-N平均质量浓度分别为125.0mg/L和1.12mg/L,分别达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中的二级标准和一级标准。     

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over α-Al2O3-supported bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts

The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was studied at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range of 550–800°C over -Al₂O₃-supported bimetallic Pt–Co, and monometallic Pt and Co catalysts, respectively. Both methane conversion and CO selectivity over a bimetallic Pt_0.5Co₁ catalyst were higher than those over monometallic Pt_0.5 and Co₁ catalysts. Furthermore, the addition of platinum in Pt–Co bimetallic catalysts effectively improved their resistance to carbon deposition with no coking occurring on Pt_0.5Co₁ during 80 h reaction. The FTIR study of CO adsorption observed only linearly bonded CO on bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts. TPR and XPS showed enhanced formation of a cobalt surface phase (CSP) in bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts. The origins of the good coking resistivity of bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts were discussed.     

Aromatic gas oil cracking under realistic FCC conditions in a microriser reactor

A paraffinic hydrowax feed spiked with naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene was cracked in a once-through microriser reactor at 575 °C and with a catalyst-to-oil (CTO) ratio of 4.8 g_cat g_oil⁻¹. The conversion by cracking reactions is limited to the paraffinic fraction of the feed and the alkyl groups associated with the benzene ring in aromatic compounds; the aromatic probes did not crack under the applied conditions, and in fact an additional amount of naphthalene was formed by complex dealkylation and hydrogen transfer reactions. The ‘uncrackabilty’ of aromatics was directly demonstrated by processing an aromatic gas oil, containing 33.3 wt% aromatics. Experiments were performed with residence times between 0.05 and 8.2 s, keeping the temperature (525 °C) and CTO ratio (5.5 g_cat g_oil⁻¹) constant. The data was interpreted with a simplified first-order five-lump kinetic model, where approximately 19 wt% of the feed was found to be uncrackable. HCO (feedstock) conversion took mainly place during the first two seconds and coke was only formed during the first 50 ms of catalyst-oil contact. Gasoline was not overcracked to gas. Approximately 50 wt% of the LCO fraction was formed during this 50 ms and did not change thereafter.     

INTEGRATING ALBEMARLE RESOLVE DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY WITH NOVEL PETRO-CANADA PROCESS CONCEPTS IN COMMERCIAL FCCU OPERATIONS

The gasoline and distillate sulfur regulations promulgated throughout the world to reduce tail-pipe emissions are now strongly impacting refinery operations and investments. FCC gasoline is recognized as the principal contributor of sulfur to the gasoline pool and has become the focus for meeting the new specifications. The difficulty in removing sterically hindered sulfur species in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) cycle oil drives up the hydrogen and investment costs for treating the distillates. Although installation of pre- and post-treatment facilities is planned by many refiners, other non-capital approaches such as undercutting are being evaluated to meet interim and future sulfur levels. Even when expensive treatment facilities are installed, operating costs can be lowered and the flexibility of the facility increased with improvements in the ability to remove sulfur in the FCCU. In this article, we detail Petro-Canada's experience in integrating Albemarle's RESOLVE sulfur reduction technology with a combination of innovative process ideas. These concepts include heavy naphtha recycle, coprocessing of hydrogen donor feeds, and recycle of light cycle oil (LCO) to a specially designed stripper reactor. Special attention is paid to the interaction of deep FCC feed hydrodesulfurization with the FCC performance. The results demonstrate that very low FCC gasoline sulfur levels can be achieved without significant capital investment through novel approaches to recycle, creative integration of cat feed hydrotreating unit (CFHTU)-FCCU designs and operations, and application of state-of-the-art sulfur reduction additive technology. An added benefit of the RESOLVE 950 sulfur reduction technology is the substantial elimination of sulfur oxides in the FCC flue gas. This has been observed in Petro-Canada operations and numerous other RESOLVE 950 applications around the world.     

基于CAN总线的焦化备煤控制系统设计

以开滦中润煤化工有限公司焦化厂备煤过程为背景,介绍了备煤控制系统的研究和设计方法。首先基于生产工艺流程,分析焦化过程需要解决的问题以及实现的控制功能。然后构造系统总体框架,包括系统硬件结构、软件实施等。建立CAN总线网络,利用CAN现场总线协议形成开放型的两级计算机控制系统。