不同烹饪条件下食物中反式酸含量变化的研究

大量研究已经证明食物中的反式酸对人体健康有害,目前国外人们日常餐饮主要采用煎炸方式烹饪食物,而国内餐饮主要采用煎炒食物的烹饪操作,研究烹饪过程中反式酸含量的变化情况有着重要意义。采用煎炸鸡翅和薯条,煎炒土豆丝和肉丝的方法,来考察食物在烹饪过程中反式酸的变化情况。试验结果显示:煎炸完鸡翅后,鸡翅反式酸含量从起始的0.032 g/100 g变化到0.178 g/100 g(P<0.05)。煎炸完薯条后,薯条的反式酸含量从起始的0.019 g/100 g变化到0.269 g/100 g(P<0.05)。煎炒完土豆丝和肉丝后,食物反式酸含量由起始的0 g/100 g和0.017 g/100 g变化到0.037 g/100 g(P>0.05)和0.023 g/100 g(P>0.05)。上述试验结果说明煎炒后食物中反式酸的含量变化不显著,虽然煎炸后食物中反式酸的含量显著升高,但其反式酸的总量都小于0.30 g/100 g,均处于较低的水平。     

Changes of polysaccharide content and texture of potato during French fries production

The purpose of the present study was to determine the changes in non-starch polysaccharide and lignin contents of potato during French fries production and also the relationship between the texture of the finished product and half-products, as a result of processing at each stage under investigation. The samples for laboratory studies were taken from potato tubers, strips and French fries collected from nine locations of a technological line. The greatest changes in non-starch polysaccharide content and texture of potatoes resulted from blanching and frying. The texture of French fries was mainly affected by pectin and cellulose. The texture of French fries can be predicted from the measurements of the texture of potato strips after blanching.     

住宅落地窗、飘窗弊多利少

文章从防火、节能、安全、保障私密性等方面论述了落地窗在建筑中的弊端,提出了要限制采用落地窗、飘窗的主张.     

évaluation de la validité théorique de l'Inventaire de l'organisation de la personnalité.

Studied the psychometric properties and the theoretical validity of the French translation of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO; O. F. Kernberg and J. F. Clarkin, 1995). The IPO was administered to 845 males and females from a Quebec university and from the general Quebec population. Separate exploratory and 1st-level confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The results indicate a good level of conformity between IPO items and the tridimensional primary constructs of O. F. Kernberg's theoretical model of personality organization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of oak woods of different geographical origins on quality of wines aged in barriques and using oak chips

Wine ageing in wood barrels is a traditional practice in quality wine-making areas. It is generally believed that the organoleptic characteristics of wines aged in barrels are deeply influenced by wood geographical origin, as well as by age of barrels (new or used).     

Chemical analysis of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE)

Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) involving divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibre and simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) techniques were applied to study the volatile and semi volatile compounds of thawed and cooked Phaseolus vulgaris L. A total of 104 compounds were detected by GC and GC/MS. Thereof, 76 compounds were identified for the first time in this species. The major differences between HS-SPME and SDE were found in the content of identified alcohols (23.62% SDE versus 62.20% SPME), terpenoids (39.15% SDE versus 2.45% SPME), heterocyclic compounds (13.78% SDE versus 1.21% SPME), hydrocarbons (2.22% SDE versus 13.87% SPME) and esters (0.98% SDE versus 12.98% SPME). The SPME technique was found to be useful for rapid and routine quality controls of thawed French beans, while SDE is favourable to study the entire set of flavour volatiles in the corresponding cooked samples.     

L'échelle de développement pubertaire: équivalence en langue fran?aise du <>.

The Pubertal Development Scale from A. C. Petersen and L. J. Crockett (1985) is a self-report instrument that measures levels of pubertal maturation in adolescence. The main goal of this study was to validate the French version of the instrument on a high school population. The latter was administered on 3 occasions to 255 students during their 1st and 2nd high school years. The measure's internal consistency and the sequence of bodily changes of boys and girls allowed the authors to establish the reliability of the students' perception of their pubertal development. Like J. M. Tanner (1962) and Petersen et al. (1985, 1988), 5 categories identifying different pubertal status were labeled. Results show satisfactory reliability from such a pubertal classification system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in high altitude lakes and fish (Arctic charr) from the French Alps related to watershed characteristics

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were measured in the muscle of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and in the water column of 4 lakes that are located in the French Alps. Watershed characteristics were determined (6 coverage classes) for each lake in order to evaluate the influence of watershed composition on mercury and methylmercury concentrations in fish muscle and in the water column. THg and MeHg concentrations in surface water were relatively low and similar among lakes and watershed characteristics play a major role in determining water column Hg and MeHg levels. THg muscle concentrations for fish with either a standardized length of 220 mm, a standardized age of 5 years or for individualuals did not exceed the 0.5 mg kg^− 1 fish consumption advisory limit established for Hg by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1990). These relatively low THg concentrations can be explained by watershed characteristics, which lead to short Hg residence time in the water column, and also by the short trophic chain that is characteristic of mountain lakes. Growth rate did not seem to influence THg concentrations in fish muscles of these lakes and we observed no relationship between fish Hg concentrations and altitude. This study shows that in the French Alps, high altitude lakes have relatively low THg and MeHg concentrations in both the water column and in Arctic charr populations. Therefore, Hg does not appear to present a danger for local populations and the fishermen of these lakes.     

The contracting system in the French construction industry: actors and institutions

An overview is presented of development in the French construction industry responding to economic, regulatory and legal changes over the last 20 years. As the French industry moved into recession in the early 1980s, the large French construction corporations increasingly moved upstream taking greater responsibility for design, and downstream becoming increasingly concerned with concessions for public works and services. The public sector clients' reactions to these developments is analysed, in particular the passing and implementation of the law on the public sector client. This safeguards a larger role for the architect in the construction process and tends to favour a shift back from general contracting to seperate trades contracting. The analysis is presented in terms of a struggle between the different actors in the French contracting system for predominance, and shows how the balance of relationships in the system is dynamic. Dans cette communication, l'auteur fait une presentation generale de l'evolution du secteur de la construction en France face aux modifications economiques, reglementaires et juridiques qui ont vu le jour au cours de ces 20 dernieres annees. Alors que dans son ensemble l'industrie francaise entrait dans une periode de recession au debut des annees 1980, les grandes entreprises du secteur de la construction se sont de plus en plus deplacees en amont pour prendre de plus grandes responsabilites en matiere de conception et, en aval, pour se preoccuper de plus en plus des concessions pour des travaux et des services publics. L'auteur analyse ensuite les reactions des clients du secteur public face a ces developpements, notamment l'adoption et la mise en oeuvre de lois sur les clients du secteur public. Ces lois prevoient un role plus important de l'architecte dans le procede de construction et ont tendance a favoriser un retour de l'enterprise generale vers l'entreprise specialisee. Cette analyse s'inscrit dans les termes d'un combat entre les differents intervenants en vue de dominer le systeme contractuel francais et montre comment l'equilibre des relations de ce systeme est dynamique.