紫色马铃薯薯条生产工艺的研究

以紫色马铃薯为原料,对丙烯酰胺含量低,色素保留较好的紫色马铃薯薯条生产工艺进行研究,得到最佳工艺为烫漂处理+微波真空冷冻。烫漂处理中最优护色剂组合为L-半胱氨酸浓度0.08%、柠檬酸浓度0.1%、氯化钙浓度125×10-6g/mL,浸泡时间10min;最佳烫漂温度70℃;烫漂时间5min。该工艺成品中未检出丙烯酰胺,色泽(E值)可降低到92.8739±5.3234。     

Formation of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-hexenal and 4-hydroxy-nonenal during deep-frying of potato sticks and chicken breast meat in vegetable oils

The present work investigated the formation of three toxic aldehydes, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-hexenal (HHE) and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE), during deep-frying of different foods in corn oil (CO), rapeseed oil (RO) and linseed oil (LO). Besides, their contents in French fries (FF) and fried chicken breast meat (FCBM) were also explored. Results showed that the MDA/HHE/HNE levels in frying groups were all lower than those in control, indicating the incorporation into the fried foods. Apart from the different levels, MDA/HHE/HNE in FF and FCBM possessed similar variation tendencies, revealing the matrix-mediated distribution. The combined exposure assessment based on the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) levels was conducted, and risks of exceeding the limitation values (1.5 μg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹) for HNE in CO and HHE in LO were exhibited. The consumption of both FF and FCBM should be regulated, considering the levels of MDA, HHE and HNE these fried foods may contain.     

托克维尔《旧制度与大革命》评注

托克维尔的《旧制度与大革命》是一部历史哲学著作。不要被书中一系列模棱两可的话迷惑,重要的是理解平等、民主和自由三者在该著中的内在关联。从历史哲学的角度阅读此书,就是要理解革命与自由相互归属的未来性。     

炒决明子的炮制工艺研究

利用正交设计对炒决明子的炮制工艺进行研究。分别采用高效液相色谱法和紫外一可见分光光度法对不同炮制条件下的炒决明子中蒽醌类成分和多糖类成分进行含量测定。高效液相色谱法采用Shim—packVP—ODS Cu（4．6mm×150mm,5μm）色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-0．1％磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速O.8mL／min;检测波长254nm。紫外-可见分光光度法采用苯酚-硫酸比色法。结果优选出较佳的炮制工艺为140℃下炒制3min。为进一步研究清炒决明子的炮制原理及制定科学化的炮制工艺奠定基础。     

Content of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried and pan‐fried potatoes

Trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal is a by‐product of frying oil that is also transferred to fried food. This aldehyde has been found and quantified both in frying oils and fumes generated during frying. Furthermore, it has been reported that 2,4‐decadienal has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and promotes LDL oxidation. In the present work trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected directly in fried potatoes (french‐fries). Moreover, the influence of frying conditions (deep‐frying, pan‐frying), the oil type (olive oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil and a vegetable shortening) and the degree of thermal deterioration (eight successive frying sessions without replenishment) on the production of 2,4‐decadienal in oil and potatoes was studied. The isolation of the aldehyde was performed by methanol extraction, while the identification and quantification was performed by RP‐HPLC. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal produced during successive pan‐frying demonstrated a peak at the third and fourth frying session. The highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected in potatoes fried in sunflower oil, and the lowest in olive oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes decreased during successive deep‐frying at the seventh frying session or remained stable, except for cottonseed oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes was considered to be dependent on the oil used, on the frying process and, to a lesser extent, on the oil deterioration. In all cases tested, the highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected during deep‐frying. The unsaturation degree of the frying oil was considered to promote the formation of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal. Considering the quantity of 2,4‐decadienal found in french‐fries and in the respective frying medium, direct quantification of 2,4‐decadienal is required in order to make an estimation of intake from french‐fries.     

中国会计与法国会计比较之我见

在世界范围内五类会计模式即美国会计模式、英国会计模式、德国会计模式、法国会计模式和社会主义国家会计模式，从形成的影响因素，经济与法律环境，会计制度的特征，会计的管理机构等作了一些比较．认为在我国建设和完善会计模式的过程中，有必要吸收和借鉴法国会计改革的经验．为不同规模和类型的企业制定各自适用的会计制度.     

“Born with the taste for science and the arts”: The science and the aesthetics of Balthazar‐Georges Sage's mineralogy collections, 1783–18251

Balthazar‐Georges Sage (1740–1824), a chemist, mineralogist, and the founder of the École Royale des Mines (1783), owned two mineral collections: a mineralogy collection used for his research and teaching, which later became the property of the École Royale itself; and a private cabinet of objets d'art, consisting largely of artistically worked mineral objects. Although created for different purposes, Sage valued both for their utility and their aesthetics. This paper explores the dual character of the collections by presenting Sage as a man of science and an art lover. It argues that his lifelong concern with aesthetics was the underlying link between the two collections, his teaching practices, and his aim in founding of the École Royale des Mines to improve France's mining industry. Through aesthetics, Sage sought to build a coherent whole, which he referred to as a “national monument,” consisting of the collections, the school, and his work as a teacher and a mineralogist. In the years leading up to the French Revolution, the collections—a central part within this coherent whole—were the key element in establishing the social identity of the new institution as well as that of Sage himself. In the context of political upheaval, the social, economic, and aesthetic value of the collections became tied to the political aims of the republic, in particular, its interest in building the new nation through its heritage as conserved in its national monuments: the new republican museums. Sage used the term museum to define both collections: this analysis of their relationship and the different functions he attributed to them reveals how profoundly collecting practices were changing in revolutionary and post‐revolutionary France.     

NEEDLES AND HAYSTACKS: THE SEARCH FOR ULTRA IN THE 1930'S (AN EXCERPT)

This thesis traces the efforts in the 1930's of the Polish, French, and British Intelligence Services to break the German Enigma ciphering machine, efforts which led to the Bletchley Park Ultra operations of World War II. The cooperation, and lack thereof, among the intelligence services is discussed, with the conclusion that more cooperation sooner would have better served the individual national interest of each.     

On application of the french lines for the prediction of the number of cycles to failure

The application of the French lines to the prediction of high-cycle fatigue life according to the time of initiation of a macrocrack is justified. The French line is regarded as a line separating the regions of propagating and nonpropagating fatigue cracks. A method for the evaluation of the French line parameters in the region of low-cycle loading via the parameters of the Coffin-Manson diagram is proposed.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 88–95, January–February, 2005.